9610_An investigation of recruitment and selection practices within SMEs in the Irish IT sector

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An investigation of recruitment and
selection practices within SMEs in the
Irish IT sector

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree of Masters of Business
Administration (MBA)
at Dublin Business School

Jessica Furtado

10216067
World count: 20169
22th August 2016
Research Supervisor: David Wallace
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Declaration: I, Jessica Furtado, declare that this research is my original work and that it has
never been presented to any institution or university for the award of Degree or Diploma. In
addition, I have referenced correctly all literature and sources used in this work and this this
work is fully compliant with the Dublin Business School’s academic honesty policy.

Signed: Jessica Furtado

Date: 22/08/2016

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Acknowledgements

I would like to express my deepest gratitude for those who helped me write this dissertation.
First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor David Wallace for his guidance, patience and
for all the helpful insights that he provided me in our meetings. Moreover, I would like to thank
the participants in this study for their time and willingness to participate.
Special thanks to my mother who enabled me to study at DBS and always supported me
throughout the course and my boyfriend Sebastian for all the patience, motivation and proof
reading of many assignments made during the entire course as well as this dissertation.
Sincere thanks to my classmates who made this journey much more pleasant and enjoyable.

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Abstract:
Objective and Scope: The aim of this dissertation is to gain an understanding of recruitment
and selection practices in the Irish IT sector. With the proliferation of technology, SMEs in the
IT sector are a major economic driver. In Ireland, SMEs account for $10 billion annually and
employ more than 900,000 people. However, research on recruitment and selection in SMEs is
scarce and – given the numerous challenges and accelerating competition – SMEs face, it is ever
more important for them know how to allocate their limited resources most effectively to find
and recruit the best talent, since human resources is the life blood of any company. This
research, consequently, aims to fill the gap in the literature regarding recruitment and selection
in SMEs and seeks to identify ways SMEs can improve their recruitment and selection to attract
and motivate employees, with a focus on millennials, the generation now entering the
workforce. Ultimately, this study intends to provide SMEs with actionable insights and
recommendations that they can implement to increase recruitment effectiveness.
Methodology: This study is based on a qualitative analysis of interviewees with technical
participants involved in recruiting in four different SMEs in the IT sector based in Dublin.
Results: The interviewees reveal many insights, some of which are in accordance, some of
which are in contrast to the consensus in the literature. Among the many issues that we
identified, the two most important ones are the importance of cultural fit and the value of a
strong founding team. Hiring for cultural fit is important particularly for SMEs, as a strong
culture forms the foundation for the company’s long-term vision. On the other hand, a strong
team is valuable for its role in building a culture, for the people it attracts, for its impact on the
company’s reputation, and – finally – as a foundation for the company’s most important
recruitment instrument, its own network.

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Table of content
Chapter 1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8
1.1 – The background of the problem
………………………………………………………………………………..
8
1.2 – Research Gap and Research Objective ………………………………………………………………………
9
1.3 – Research question …………………………………………………………………………………………………
10
1.4 – Sub-Research Questions ……………………………………………………………………………………….
11
1.5 – Dissertation Organisation and Structure
…………………………………………………………………..
11
Chapter 2 – Literature Review …………………………………………………………………………………………..
14
2.1 – Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
14
2.2 – Recruitment and selection
………………………………………………………………………………………
14
2.3 – Challenges faced by SMEs in the IT sector in Ireland
……………………………………………….
15
2.3.1 – Environmental challenges affecting SMEs in the IT sector in Ireland
……………………
16
2.4 – Recruitment and Selection in SMEs in the IT sector
………………………………………………….
16
2.4.1 – Recruitment and Selection Criteria
……………………………………………………………………
16
2.4.2 – Factors of Attraction and Applicants’ Expectations
…………………………………………….
17
2.4.3 – Recruitment and Selection Processes ………………………………………………………………..
19
2.4.4 – Recruitment and Selection Channels …………………………………………………………………
21
2.5 – Recruiting Millennials…………………………………………………………………………………………..
21
2.5.1 – Motivation in Generation Y ……………………………………………………………………………..
22
2.5.2 – Extrinsic motivation factors ……………………………………………………………………………..
23
2.5.3 – Intrinsic motivation factors ………………………………………………………………………………
23
Chapter 3 Methodology
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
26
3.1 – Methodology Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………..
26
3.2 – Research Question ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
27
3.3 – Research Design …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
27
3.3.1 – Research Philosophy ……………………………………………………………………………………….
27
3.3.2 – Research Approach …………………………………………………………………………………………
28
3.3.3 – Research Strategy
……………………………………………………………………………………………
29
3.3.4 – Research Choice
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
30
3.3.5 – Time horizon ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
31
3.3.6 – Sampling – Selecting Respondents …………………………………………………………………….
31
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3.4 – Data Collection Instruments …………………………………………………………………………………..
32
3.5 – Data Analysis Procedures ………………………………………………………………………………………
33
3.5.1 – Coding …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
33
3.6 – Research Ethics
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
34
3.7 – Scopes and Limitations of the Research
…………………………………………………………………..
34
Chapter 4: Findings …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
36
4.1 – Introduction
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
36
4.2 – Findings
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
37
4.3 – Interviewee and organization background ……………………………………………………………….
37
4.4 – Size of the company and hiring culture …………………………………………………………………..
40
4.5 – Recruitment channels
……………………………………………………………………………………………
41
4.6 – Challenges faced by SMEs in the IT sector in Ireland
……………………………………………….
44
4.7 – Recruitment and Selection Criteria …………………………………………………………………………
46
4.9 – Recruiting Millennials…………………………………………………………………………………………..
50
4.10 – Best practices …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
52
4.11 – Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
54
Chapter 5: Data Discussion ………………………………………………………………………………………………
55
5.1 – Introduction
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
55
5.2 – The role of the company’s size in recruitment and selection
………………………………………
55
5.3 – Bootstrapping HR ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
56
5.4 – Challenges faced by SMEs in the IT sector in Ireland
……………………………………………….
57
5.5 – Recruitment and Selection Criteria …………………………………………………………………………
58
5.6 – Factors of Attraction and Applicants’ Expectations ………………………………………………….
59
5.7 – Recruitment channels
……………………………………………………………………………………………
61
5.8 – Measuring effectiveness
………………………………………………………………………………………..
62
5.9 – Recruiting strategies
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
62
5.10 – The role of culture
………………………………………………………………………………………………
63
5.11 – Recruiting Millennials…………………………………………………………………………………………
64
Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendation ……………………………………………………………………..
65
6.1 – Recruitment criteria
………………………………………………………………………………………………
65
6.2 – Recruiting strategies
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
65
6.3 – Attracting talent……………………………………………………………………………………………………
66
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6.4 – Recruitment channels
……………………………………………………………………………………………
66
6.5 – Measuring effectiveness
………………………………………………………………………………………..
67
6.6 – Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
67
Chapter 7: Self-Reflexion
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
68
7.1 – Background …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
68
7.2 – Skills development
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
68
7.2.1 – Public speaking
………………………………………………………………………………………………
69
7.2.2 – Writing in English ………………………………………………………………………………………….
69
7.2.3 – Time management ………………………………………………………………………………………….
69
7.2.4 Future application of learning
……………………………………………………………………………..
70
7.3 – Challenges faced during the MBA thesis
…………………………………………………………………
71
7.3.1 – Preparation and planning …………………………………………………………………………………
71
7.3.2 – During the dissertation
…………………………………………………………………………………….
71
7.4 – Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
72
Chapter 8 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
73
Chapter 9 Appendix ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
79
List of Figures
Figure 1 – Relative cost of recruitmetnt methods by FIT framework quadrant …………………20
Figure 2 – PWC report “Millennials at work Reshaping the workplace”…………………………22
Figure 3 – The research onion……………………………………………………………………26
Figure 4 – Data Analysis for Qualitative Research……………………………………………….33

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Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 – The background of the problem

Fueled by the proliferation of technology and its applications to other industries, the growth
of the IT sector presents intrinsic challenges for Human Resource management all over the world.
A shortage of skilled workers is amplified as the demand for specific skill sets continues to
outpace the supply of suitable candidates. As a result, global competition for talent has intensified
and the traditional power balance in recruiting has shifted from employers to candidates and
employees. The HR department, as well as hiring managers, are under pressure to find the right
candidates and retain current staff. For this reason, companies are developing new strategies to
increase their attractiveness – with bonuses, increased pay, additional career progression
opportunities, etc. – to attract and retain employees (Onag, 2015).
Recruitment and selection constitute one of the main challenges faced by the industry,
especially for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Sequoia Capital, one of the most
prestigious venture capital firms, argues that “a shortage of engineers is the biggest challenge
facing Silicon Valley start-ups today (as) hiring is what enables you to execute your product
roadmap” (https://www.sequoiacap.com/). Falling behind on recruiting thus becomes a
competitive issue. Additionally, a survey of hiring managers in the IT industry reported that 65%
of IT managers were being negatively impacted with skill shortage (Randstad Technologies,
2014). According to Lee (2014), SMEs often face problems in six areas: recruitment, skill
shortages, obtaining finance, cash flow, skill management, and finding suitable premises.
The effort to attract, motivate and retain employees is a challenge for every organization;
however, it becomes even more daunting for SMEs. As there is no universal definition of SMEs,
most countries adopt number of employees as the main criterion; other countries see the firm’s
assets and revenue as additional criteria (Abraham et al. 2015). The preferred definition for this
study is the one proposed by the European Union relating to employment: It defines that micro
firms as those with less than 10 employees, small firms with between 10 and 49, medium-sized
firms with between 50 and 249 and large firms with over 249 employees.
SMEs have an enormous impact in the Irish economy. The Irish government has recognized
them to be one of the key drivers of the country’s economy while The Irish Times has accredited
SMEs to be the “spine” of the Irish economy. In 2010, SMEs contributed over €10 billion and
employed over 900,000 individuals (McHugh, 2010).
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SMEs, having limited resources, experience a lot of competition for attracting talent both
from huge international companies that offer large sign-up bonuses and stock option packages as
well as from competing SMEs. Mayson & Barrett (2006) highlight that SMEs generally lack
three important factors, which negatively influence their recruitment opportunities: poor strategic
planning and focus, the competition with large companies for human resources, and finally,
SMEs are generally not the first choice of applicants.
In Ireland, which has managed to attract numerous IT companies in recent years, these
challenges are accentuated. In addition to the competition and skill shortage that the IT industry
and particularly SMEs face all over the world, in Ireland they also face serious difficulties to get
credit and loans from Irish banks. According to Ireland’s Competitiveness Scorecard (2015), it is
noticeable that the value of impaired SME loans has been declining slowly in recent quarters,
while the Central Bank perceives there to be deficits, particularly regarding mortgages.
According to Lawless et al. (2012), data on job turnover shows that SMEs are more dynamic
than larger companies, therefore they both create and impair jobs at higher rate. After the
recession in 2008, the number of jobs that were made redundant have been significantly higher
among SMEs, which suggests that the crisis has had a larger impact on their section of the
economy. Additionally, ECB survey (2010) data shows that Irish SMEs are facing credit
conditions considerably tougher than the Euro zone average.

1.2 – Research Gap and Research Objective
According to Chin (2010), the number of researches on HRM for SMEs is scarce and many of
the studies that are available are from the beginning of the 2000’s, which clearly demonstrates the
need for more research in this field. In accordance, in a more recent scenario, Abraham et al.
(2015) argue that there is a particular gap in the literature regarding recruitment and selection
processes in SMEs. They indicate that the studies available investigate general HRM practices
related to job satisfactions, organisation performance, and productivity rather than hiring methods
and best practices. This research aims to fill the gap in the literature regarding recruitment and
selection in SMEs, particularly of professionals in the IT industry in Ireland.
Furthermore, to the best of the author’s knowledge, not a single article investigating IT
professionals in Ireland exists. The few articles found discussing SMEs in Ireland are not related
to recruitment and selection and do not deal with the IT sector. They are mainly articles
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discussing the impact of SMEs in the country’s economy as well as the problems generated by
difficulties in obtaining credits in Irish Banks.

1.3 – Research question

This study aims to identify the best practices for attracting the best candidates in the IT sector
in Ireland for SMEs with limited resources. The overarching research question thus is the
following:

How can SMEs improve recruitment and selections practices to attract and motivate
employees, with a focus on generation Y in the Irish IT sector?
As part of the central research question, this study is particularly interested in the
possibilities that are available to SMEs which have notoriously limited resources that can be
allocated to the Human Resources efforts. The main goal is to make recommendations for how
they can effectively manage these resource to make themselves more attractive in the face of
competition.
In order to be able to sufficiently answer this question, the literature in recruitment and
selection with regard to challenges faced by SMEs in the IT sector will be reviewed. As the
power in the hiring process has shifted to the side of the employees, as initially highlighted,
gaining an understanding of employees’ motivations and desires is fundamental to conducting
effective recruitment. For this reason, the motivational factors driving Generation Y, the
generation now entering the workforce, will be investigated. Ultimately, the goal of this research
is to identify the most important factors that influence IT professionals during the recruitment and
selection phases. In other words, this research aims to detect ways in which SMEs can most
effectively use their resources to attract IT professionals.
The data collection will be conducted through interviews with IT recruiters or hiring
managers. Interviews with IT recruiters will shed light on the hiring practices of IT professionals
in Ireland and on what they believe to be the best practices in recruitment and selection in the IT
sector.
The goal of this assessment consequently is to enable companies to obtain an intimate
understanding of the expectations of IT professionals. Equipped with this understanding, it will
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be outlined how they can best use their resources to focus on those aspects that are of the highest
significance for the candidates.
To summarise, regarding the literature review, the factors relevant for effective
recruitment and selection presented by the literature will be outlined. Additionally, the literature
about motivation in Generation Y will be reviewed, which constitutes the majority of IT
professionals that are being recruited. This will allow us to gain a better understanding of the
aspects that motivate them to join a company. It is fundamental to this research to juxtapose what
candidates are expecting from a job to what SMEs are doing to meet these expectations. Once a
better understanding of the motivations of their future employees has been achieved, this
understanding can be leveraged to eliminate discrepancies in the current fulfilment of said
expectations and allows reallocation and reprioritization of financial resources towards a more
effective recruitment process.

1.4 – Sub-Research Questions
In order to elaborate on the content of the research project, the sub-research questions as
detailed below aim to enrich and widen the scope of the primary research question by evaluating
the relevance and effectiveness of current hiring practices in the IT sector in Ireland as well as the
challenges these practices impose to SMEs and the improvements that can be made in order to
achieve a more efficient recruitment and selection process.

The sub-research questions are the following:
•
What are the current hiring practices in the IT sector in Ireland?
•
What are the challenges faced by SMEs in Ireland in the IT sector?
•
What can be improved in the current hiring process?

1.5 – Dissertation Organisation and Structure

This research project is divided into eight chapters as detailed below:

Chapter 1: Introduction
The first chapter provides an overview and background information of the research topic
touching the main goal of the research and its objectives. It also explains the research question
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and sub-questions, which constitute the basis for the research and guide the gathering of primary
data. Furthermore, this section presents the suitability of the researcher and motivates her interest
in the subject, while acknowledging the scope and limitations of the research.

Chapter 2: Literature Review
This section presents valuable and relevant themes including recruitment and selection,
challenges faced by SMEs in the IT sector and also review studies regarding motivation of the
Generation Y.

Chapter 3: Research Methodology
The purpose of this section is to demonstrate and discuss the existing research methods according
to the Research Onion Diagram Model (Saunders et al., 2012) focusing on the research
methodology choices selected for the best conduction of this particular research. A detailed
analysis of the methodology research choices will touch the optimal research philosophy,
approach, and strategic options in other to gather relevant primary and secondary data to proceed
with data analysis.

Chapter 4: Data Analysis and findings
The aim of this chapter is to analyse and discuss the gathering of primary data. It presents an in-
depth analysis of the results, which supports the researcher in finding relevant and valid content
in order to draw well-grounded conclusions and recommendations regarding effective
recruitment and selection processes.

Chapter 5: Discussions, conclusion and Recommendations
This section attempts to summarise the main findings of this research study, touching its
implications and additions for the field of study by drawing relevant and valid conclusions
including recommendations for SMEs in the IT sector in Ireland.

Chapter 6: Self-Reflection on Own Learning Curve and Performance
In the final part of the research study, a self-assessment of the researcher’s experience and
learnings throughout the conduction of this research study is presented as well as insights of the
entire process of the Master’s studies.
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Chapter 7: Bibliography

Chapter 8: Appendices
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Chapter 2 – Literature Review
2.1 – Introduction
In this section, the literature review of two central themes of this research will be
conducted: Recruitment and selection processes as well as motivational factors of Generation Y.
Specifically, we will discuss characteristics of efficient recruitment methods, the preferred
recruitment channels of SMEs, as well as the expectations recruiters have towards prospective
applicants and the factors that attract applicants to companies, particularly SMEs. Building on
this, we explore the different intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors for millennials, as these
comprise the majority of employees entering the workforce.

2.2 – Recruitment and selection
As recruitment and selection is an essential part of every successful company, numerous
studies have sought to identify and analyze its aspects. Breaugh’s (2008) model of recruitment
characterizes four stages as the key components in the process of attracting the right talent:
Firstly, clear and specific recruitment objectives are drawn. In a second step, strategies to fill the
vacant position are established. During the third phase, specific recruitment activities, which aim
to attract the right candidates are conducted. The fourth and final stage is dedicated to the
evaluation of the outcomes of the first three stages of the recruitment process.
Several studies draw attention to the significance of the third phase: Williamson et al.
(2010) highlight the importance of attracting qualified applicants in order to have a skilled talent
pool to choose from, which improves the chances of hiring the best candidate. Therefore, the
strategic action that companies take in the initial phase of recruitment plays an essential role in
the development of a high quality workforce. Although there is a set of HRM practices, which are
considered the best in any circumstance, Armstrong (2014) strongly suggests that the adaptation
of these practices leads to superior organizational performance. According to Armstrong, the
analysis of recruitment strengths and weaknesses, as well as the analysis of recruitment
objectives and identification of the sources for candidates are key for an effective candidate
attraction.
In accordance, Williamson et al. (2010) determine that there are two main objectives that
an effective recruitment tool should accomplish: Firstly, such a tool should capture the
applicant’s attention and appeal to them to gather information about employment opportunities.
Secondly, recruitment tools need to reduce uncertainty about job opportunities, as candidates tend
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to avoid ambiguities. Consequently, candidates are likely to devalue job opportunities that they
know little about. This uncertainty can be a challenge for SMEs, as we will detail in the next
section.
Recruitment and selection is key for every business and must be conducted carefully:
According to Aaker (1989, in Sangeetha, 2010, p.94), recruitment and selections processes are
key to how businesses perceive their human resources, which are required to maintain a
competitive advantage over competitors. In order for a company to achieve and sustain this
advantage, each step of the recruitment and selection process should be carefully considered as
bad decisions can lead to devastating effects for the entire organization. Carter (2015) argues that
a misfit employee will consume time, impact team morale and can harm customer relations as
well as organizational culture.
Two metrics that are usually used in order to measure the effectiveness of the selected
recruiting channels and selection methods to continuously hire the right candidates for the
position are validity and reliability. Reliability measures the consistency of decisions made by
adopting certain methods over time (Gunnigle, 2011, p.117). In other words, the results should be
the same if conducted on another day or by another person. Validity refers to “the extent to which
the selection method used measures what it is supposed to measure ensuring that there are no
biases or intervening factors distorting the outcome that has been achieved” (Gunnigle, 2011,
p.117).
Having outlined the importance of recruitment and selection in general and characterized
key aspects of recruitment and selection such as attracting the right candidate, objectives,
consequences, and performance metrics, we will now proceed to detail how recruitment and
selection relates to SMEs in the Irish IT sector.

2.3 – Challenges faced by SMEs in the IT sector in Ireland
There is a lack of studies on challenges faced by SMEs in the recruitment and selection
phases. The majority of research of recruitment practices concentrates on larger organisations; for
this reason, most findings do not accurately reflect the issues faced by SMEs (Williamson et al,
2002). Mayson & Barret (2006) argue that there is a general lack of understanding of HR
practices in SMEs. On the other hand, Abraham et al. (2015) reveal that the lack of studies
investigating recruitment in SMEs is most acute. They observe that most studies deal with
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general HRM practices in SMEs, in areas related to job satisfaction, organizational performance,
productivity, and e-HRM, while leaving out recruitment and selection.
2.3.1 – Environmental challenges affecting SMEs in the IT sector in Ireland
Every business never operates in isolation, but is a product of its environment. As such,
every business process such as recruitment and selection can be considered as a function of the
current market forces. While recession and expansion hit every business, SMEs are hit
particularly hard, with devastating impacts on their recruiting abilities. Malik (2013), among
others, shows the impact the global financial crisis (GFC) had in the IT industry. While this
research focuses on the impact in India, it could certainly also be considered in the Irish scenario.
During the immediate 12-15 month period after the GFC, companies adopted a “hard” HRM
approach that also influenced the hiring process. There was a cutback on hiring as well as
downsizing in most organizations. Recent graduates were the most affected group; although they
were still being hired, companies delayed joining dates and implemented conditional project
deployment. In reality, employment was assured to employees, but commencement occurred on
later dates or the employment was tied to available projects rather than on a continuous basis.
These implementations reduced employees’ job security and firms started offering reduced salary
packages.
SMEs are especially vulnerable in times of crisis: Downsizing is normally not an option
due to their already small size. Additionally, SMEs tend to be less diversified in their economic
activities, have a weaker financial structure, lower or no credit rating, and fewer financing
options (McHugh, Michelle, 2010).
When the economic crisis began in 2008, Irish SMEs’ access to finance became
increasingly limited. Despite various government initiatives and lending programs, figures from
the Central Bank showed a continued decrease in lending to small and medium-size enterprises
(McHugh, Michelle, 2010).

2.4 – Recruitment and Selection in SMEs in the IT sector
2.4.1 – Recruitment and Selection Criteria
Having ascertained a lack of studies investigating recruitment and selection in SMEs, we
will now discuss the studies that consider recruitment and selection. Among these, many focus on
the criteria a successful applicant has to fulfill. Generally, the most important criterion for
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recruiters is an applicant’s skillset: Campero (2015) conducted interviews with high tech
recruiters where they emphasize that finding talented engineers is “about the skills, not about the
schools”. Assessing candidates’ skills is fairly easy in the IT industry; in fact, most companies
perform “coding challenges” or other skills tests during the screening process. However,
Abraham et al. (2015) argue that finding a ‘fit’ is the key aspect of recruitment and selection in
SMEs. The authors point out that there are no specific research papers on the concept of ‘fit’ in
recruitment and selection. However, they refer to person-organization fit (P-O) and person-job
(P-J) as essential components to take into consideration in the hiring process.

P-O fit is characterized by the compatibility or alignment between the characteristics of
the person and the organization or environment (Kristoff-Brown & Guay, 2010). P-O fit is
beneficial to any organization as once the company’s values and mission correlate with the
employees’ principles, the alignment between them is more likely to materialize into a higher job
satisfaction, organizational commitment and consequently, more productivity. June et al. (2013)
indicate that both competency and person-job fit play an important role in employees’
performance, particularly in SMEs. Employees are much more likely to perform better and
experience job satisfaction when they fulfill the person-job dimension of their occupation.
Organizational culture fit is another aspect that needs to be considered during the hiring
phase. Organizational culture is often characterized in terms of shared norms, beliefs and values.
As a subdivision of organizational culture, ethical culture can be considered as resulting from the
coaction among the formal (e.g., training efforts, codes of ethics) and informal (e.g., peer and
leadership behavior, norms concerning ethics) systems intended to promote the ethical behavior
of employees (Treviño et al. 1998). Accordingly, it is critical to recruit and select applicants that
maximize person-organization fit, as they will contribute to building the organizational culture as
well as immerse themselves in it. In other words, employees and their company’s culture
bilaterally influence each other. As further evidence, Onnekikami (2016) additionally highlights
the importance of the right candidate not only possessing the necessary knowledge, skills and
abilities, but also fitting within the company’s culture.

2.4.2 – Factors of Attraction and Applicants’ Expectations
Analogously, in order to attract the right candidates in the first place, a company must
make itself as attractive as possible to potential applicants. In this context, one of the key and
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most low-cost hiring advantages to SMEs can be their reputation: According to Williamson et al.
(2010), a company’s reputation has a significant impact on the candidates’ perspective of the
company. The author’s remark is that the company’s reputation influences the candidate’s
opinion of the company in two ways in the initial recruitment phase: Firstly, a company’s
reputation and brand are seen as an indication of its working conditions; secondly, a company’s
reputation usually provides the first clue to a candidate of its standing within its industry and its
impact. This second aspect is a particular challenge for SMEs as their reputation may not be as
generous as multinationals in the same sector.
Not only a company’s reputation, but also its founders’ and CEO’s clout has a crucial
impact on how successfully the firm is able to acquire the best employees. According to Campero
(2015), in high tech entrepreneurial firms, the status of the founder and their backgrounds provide
access to better hiring opportunities. His research shows that the founder’s backgrounds can be a
recruitment advantage as it facilitates the acquisition of key resources to its firm.
With regard to the attraction of talent, the literature proposes different tactics: Williamson
et al. (2010) suggest that providing a large amount of information about the company and the job
opportunity on the recruitment web site reduces the level of uncertainty and – for this reason –
increases an applicant’s attraction to the company’s job opportunity. Additionally, Williamson et
al. (2010) show that companies with weak or poor reputation can benefit greatly from a
significant amount of information about job opportunities. Providing more information
essentially alleviates a candidate’s initial uncertainty given the company’s lack of reputation and
in turn increases its chances to attract a larger number of suitable candidates. This is particularly
important for SMEs that have not been yet been able to form a strong reputation, as they need to
differentiate themselves from their competitors in order to attract the best talent.
As was outlined initially, applicants’ expectations play a critical role in the recruitment
process. Particularly in the IT industry, where top talent is wooed by many companies, having an
intimate knowledge of what attracts an applicant to a company amounts to a significant strategic
advantage. Williamson et al. (2010) define applicants’ attraction as the perception that an
organization is a good place to work. Another factor influencing an employee’s decision to join a
company is its potential: Campero (2015) suggests that in emerging high tech companies, hiring
is more likely to be influenced by the prospects of the firm than exclusively by the terms of the
offer.

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2.4.3 – Recruitment and Selection Processes
How recruitment and selection is conducted within a company directly influences the
hiring. Considering that the majority of HRM functions in SMEs are performed by CEOs or
managers that are not familiar with best practices and HR strategies, it is apparent that one of the
major dilemmas in recruitment and selection in SMEs are informal, unstructured and weak HRM
practices without any strategic element (Dundon & Wilkinson, 2009).
The findings indicate that the founder – and most frequently Chief Executive Officer
(CEO) – usually establishes SME recruitment policies with the goal to speed up traditional
processes and improve communication among a multicultural workforce (Poorangi et al, 2011).
However, according to Hornsby and Kiratko (2003), SME owners most likely lack competence
and background in implementing and managing HR policies and practices such as recruitment
and selection, training, appraisals, etc. This can lead to several errors during recruitment and
selections stages such as not following a proper selection process, negligence information,
overpromise or trusting completely the hiring staff’s judgment (Boatman & Eker, 2012).
On the other hand, Dundon & Wilkinson (2009) show the advantages of lacking a formal
process in SMEs: Among these advantages, a flat hierarchy allows for rapid decision-making
process as well as the ability to respond and adapt to customers’ and market demands;
additionally, clear objectives and communication can accelerate hiring and make it seamless.
Even though SMEs tend to simplify the hiring process, some factors should particularly
be considered as key elements for recruitment decisions such as flexibility, competence,
personality, stability and attitude towards work (Davidson, 2011). The outcome of an integrated
and strategic recruitment and selection process moderated by the person-organisation/job fit it is
primarily based on employer and environmental consideration (Davidson, 2011), comparing
strategic recruitment and selection outcomes against the initial recruitment objectives (Breaugh,
2008; Davidson, 2011).
Weitzel et al (2009) have developed an integrated framework, termed FIT (Finding [or
Fishing for] IT Talent) to recruit IT talent based on their research conducted at Siemens. The
authors suggest that this framework addresses the three main challenges of recruiting IT talent:
talent scarcity, recruitment time horizon, and recruitment cost. In the illustration below, the
authors define four quadrants based on the time scale and skill scarcity. The cost is represented
by the number and the shade beside each method: the higher the number and the darker the shade,
the higher is the cost.
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Figure 1 – (Weitzel et al 2009)

The FIT framework helps IT recruiters decide which recruitment methods are most
appropriate in different situations. It also indicates that companies should use both long and
short-term recruitment methods in order to be successful in the “battle for brainpower”. Short-
term recruitment methods focus on direct recruitment that is efficient and effective. On the other
hand, the authors affirm that the primary goal of long-term methods is to position the company as
an “employer of choice” in the eyes of potential candidates. This aspect is particularly important
to SMEs as being considered as first choice is one of the best ways to compete against rival
companies with more resources.
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Both short and long-term recruitment activities require different methods according to
whether the required IT skills are readily available or highly scarce. The scarcer the skill set
needed, the more costly the recruitment methods will be.
Finally, according to Boatman & Eker (2012) effective hiring decisions mean that a
strategic, systematic and detailed assessment of skills, knowledge and experiences required for
the job success were performed using an accurate combination of pre-employment tests, effective
behavioural interviewing and realist job previews.

2.4.4 – Recruitment and Selection Channels
Furthermore, even if recruitment and selection is conducted correctly and the reputation
of the company and job descriptions seem promising in the eye of the right candidate, recruitment
and selection will still fail if the wrong recruitment and selection channels are chosen. Tatcher et
al. (2012) highlight that in order to achieve a competitive advantage in IT recruiting,
organizations should customize their recruitment materials and channels to the preferences of
groups of IT professionals they are seeking to appeal to. Recruitment websites are a primary tool
used by companies. A recruitment website is low-cost compared to traditional recruitment
methods such as newspapers, job fairs, headhunters etc. For this reason, it is one of the preferred
recruitment channels of SMEs. Additionally, it allows an immediate and wide communication
between company and applicants. Williamson et al. (2010) note that communication can have a
significant impact on whether firms attract qualified candidates or not. Another inexpensive
recruitment channel that companies increasingly leverage is Social Media Networking sites
(SMNs). McKnight, M. et al. (2015) point out that the competition for talent resulting from
employees changing jobs more often is increasing the dependence of employers on SMNs. SMEs
particularly like to make us of this channel, seeking to recruit candidates through existing
employees’ networks or even soliciting applications from eager and highly motivated followers.

2.5 – Recruiting Millennials
According to PWC “Millennials at work. Reshaping the workplace”, (2011) as it can be
seen in Figure 2 below: while finantial factors such as competitive wages/other financial
incentives and good benefites packages plays a significant role on how attractive a company is to
millennials, all the other factors appointed by Generation Y are non-financial. This is
significantly interesting to SMEs as they have limited finantial resources. It also places millenials
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as a suitable choice of employees since most factors that attract and motivate them are consistent
to what an SME has to offer.

Figure 2 – (PWC report “Millennials at work Reshaping the workplace”, 2011)

2.5.1 – Motivation in Generation Y
Numerous theories and empirical researches have been dedicated to assess the factors that
play a role in the employee’s motivating process and how these translate into recommendations
and practices for organizations. While an individual’s motivation is a product of her
circumstances, general motivational tendencies can be observed that roughly align with the
generation. In order to build a thriving business nowadays, it is thus key to understand the factors
motivating the generation currently entering the workforce, Generation Y.
Research in motivation divides motivational factors into extrinsic and intrinsic factors.
Extrinsic factors derive from external sources, while intrinsic factors fulfil the self-esteem and
self-actualization needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Tozlu and Kurtipek, 2015). Although
many scholars emphasise that intrinsic factors are the most efficient way of motivating
employees, the most valued motivational factors for Generation Y remain controversial.

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2.5.2 – Extrinsic motivation factors

Financial rewards are probably the extrinsic motivation factors most commonly employed
in organizations in the form of salary and benefits. According to Pant and Vijaya (2015), salary is
the main incentive for employees. Snelgar et al. (2013) in contrast argue that financial rewards
are actually more effective in attracting and retaining employees than motivating them.

Besides monetary rewards, Jyothi and Ravindran, (2012) and Snelgar et al. (2013) also
highlight the significance of good working conditions for employees’ motivation level.
Additionally, Wan et al. (2013) argue that working conditions, company policy, and
administration as well as pay and benefits are all significant motivational factors for Generation
Y. Lub et al. (2012) observe that job security is of lesser importance to Generation Y than to past
generations, as Generation Y is perceived to have a high turnover intention and lower
commitment to the organization than previous generations.

In contrast, Ertas (2015) observes no significant difference in motivational factors across
different generations and finds job satisfaction, pay satisfaction, creativity, professional
development, promotion based on merit, and a good working group to have a substantial impact
on motivation and turnover intentions.

While Acar (2014) indicates that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors are equally
important to employees, Kultalahti and Viitala (2014) – in line with the majority of the literature
– show that full-time employed millennials value intrinsic motivation factors more than extrinsic
ones.

2.5.3 – Intrinsic motivation factors
Generation Y places particular importance on inter-personal relationships, as studies
highlight the significance of different types of workplace relationships. Gursoy et al. (2013) stress
the value of teamwork, while Kultalahti and Viitala (2014) attach importance to good
relationships with colleagues.

Moreover, Generation Y requires a culture of regular and specific feedback (Bari et al
2013) (Schullery, 2013) (Cogin, 2012) as well as good communication and fairness (Holt et al,
2012). Ideally, this culture is epitomized by a supervisor who not only maintains a good
relationship with her protégé (Bari et al 2013) (Schullery, 2013) (Jerome at al., 2014), but
assumes an active role as a coach, mentor, and role model (Kultalahti and Viitala, 2015) (Gursoy
et al., 2013).
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While these relationships provide feedback, they are even more important as a source of
trust, which is seen as key for commitment, motivation, and performance optimisation (Heavey et
al., 2011). Trust is crucial, especially towards the leader (Gregory and Levi, 2011) (Diedericks
and Rothmann, 2013). In turn, poor supervisor management may damage employees’
engagement, while an employer’s tainted reputation may potentially undermine employees’ trust,
diminish their pride to work for the company, and lower their morale (Lub et al, 2012).
One of the most powerful intrinsic drivers particularly for millennials is the desire to
challenge oneself, to learn, to improve, and to succeed. For this reason, an interesting, varying
and flexible job (Kultalahti and Viitala, 2014) (Lub et al., 2012) (Pant and Vijaya, 2015) (Gursoy
et al, 2013) (Holt et al., 2012) is key to keep millennials engaged. Moreover, Barford and Hester
(2011) demonstrate that the advancement potential is much more important for Generation Y than
it is for Generation X and Baby boomers. The personal-organizational fit is particularly important
to millennials (Yusoff et al., 2013) as according to Nolan (2013), Generation Y values being part
of what they perceive to be meaningful work. They also advise organizations to develop their
internal brand in order to build a connection between the company’s mission and employees’
talent. Furthermore, Fairlie (2013) shows that meaningful work is important to all generations
and is one of the strongest factors influencing employee outcomes.
In addition, millennials value career growth (Pant and Vijaya, 2015) that allows gaining
recognition (Cogin, 2012) (Snelgar 2013) and most importantly training that develops one’s
competencies as part of a structured competency development program (Ravi et al. 2013) (Bari et
al 2013) (Jyothi and Ravindran, 2012) (Snelgar et al, 2013) (Gursoy et al, 2013) (Holt et al, 2012)
(Farrell and Hurt, 2014). Besides a fulfilling job, they value work-life balance (Kultalahti and
Viitala, 2014, 2015) (Pant and Vijaya, 2015) (Holt et al, 2012) (Jerome at al., 2014) in order to
maintain relationships with friends and family.
In conclusion, while extrinsic factors such as financial rewards and particularly good
working conditions are important, most researchers agree that intrinsic factors such as good
relationships, a communication- and feedback-rich culture, challenging and meaningful work,
and work-life balance are more appealing to Generation Y.
While the review focus on Generation Y and specifically highlight the motivation factors
valued by millennials, one has to keep in mind that popular generational stereotypes are not
necessarily always consistent with employee’s workplace behaviours (Benson et al., 2014). For
this reason, it is even more important for managers to identify the factors that are valued by each
Page 25
individual employee in order to address their needs accordingly (Tozlu and Kurtipek, 2015). As
most research has shown, financial rewards are not the most efficient way to motivate staff and
many other factors should be considered in the process. This finding is especially relevant for the
SMEs context as they have limited financial resources available for spending in attracting and
retaining employees.

Thompson and Gregory (2012) point out the importance of investing time and effort in
building a relationship based on mutual trust with millennials and adopting a coaching and
mentoring approach. Moreover, it is key to tailor one’s management style (Gilley et al., 2015) to
each employee in order to provide effective and specific feedback, while an efficient performance
appraisal (Tan et al, 2012) process is crucial to engage Generation Y in the organization.

Ultimately, in order to increase performance and productivity of its employees,
particularly millennials, an organization should not just focus on achieving its targets, but
primarily should take care to create and nurture a culture that benefits employees and shows them
that they are valued and the most important assets of its business.