BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢN LÝ VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ HẢI PHÒNG
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ISO 9001:2015
KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP
NGÀNH : NGÔN NGỮ ANH NHẬT
Sinh viên : Phạm Thị Duyên
Giảng viên hướng dẫn: TS. Trần Thị Ngọc Liên
HẢI PHÒNG 07– 2020
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HAIPHONG MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
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A STUDY ON DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS TO
IMPROVE READING SKILL FOR FIRST-YEAR
ENGLISH MAJORS STUDENTS AT HMTU
GRADUATION PAPER
MAJOR: ENGLISH-JAPANESE
Student : Pham Thi Duyen
Supervisor : Tran Thi Ngoc Lien .PhD
HẢI PHÒNG 07 – 2020
BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢN LÝ VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ HẢI PHÒNG
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NHIỆM VỤ ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP
Sinh viên: Phạm Thị DuyênMã SV: 1512753030
Lớp : NA1901N
Ngành : Ngôn ngữ Anh – Nhật
Tên đề tài: Nghiên cúu về các khó khăn và các giải pháp để cải thiện kĩ năng
đọc cho sinh viên năm nhất ngành ngôn ngữ Anh tại trường Đại
học Quản lý và Công nghệ Hải Phòng
NHIỆM VỤ ĐỀ TÀI
1. Nội dung và các yêu cầu cần giải quyết trong nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt
nghiệp
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2. Các tài liệu, số liệu cần thiết
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3. Địa điểm thực tập tốt nghiệp
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CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP
Họ và tên : …………………………………………………………………………….
Học hàm, học vị : …………………………………………………………………………….
Cơ quan công tác : …………………………………………………………………………….
Nội dung hướng dẫn: ………………………………………………………………………………
Đề tài tốt nghiệp được giao ngày 30 tháng 03 năm 2020
Yêu cầu phải hoàn thành xong trước ngày 30 tháng 06 năm 2020
Đã nhận nhiệm vụ ĐTTN Đã giao nhiệm vụ ĐTTN
Sinh viên Giảng viên hướng dẫn
Hải Phòng, ngày 01 tháng 07 năm 2020
HIỆU TRƯỞNG
CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM
Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc
PHIẾU NHẬN XÉT CỦA GIẢNG VIÊN HƯỚNG DẪN TỐT NGHIỆP
Họ và tên giảng viên: ………………………………………………………………………………………
Đơn vị công tác:
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Họ và tên sinh viên:
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Nội dung hướng dẫn: …………………………………………………. ………………………………….
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Tinh thần thái độ của sinh viên trong quá trình làm đề tài tốt nghiệp
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1.
Đánh giá chất lượng của đồ án/khóa luận (so với nội dung yêu cầu đã đề ra
trong nhiệm vụ Đ.T. T.N trên các mặt lý luận, thực tiễn, tính toán số liệu…)
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3. Ý kiến của giảng viên hướng dẫn tốt nghiệp
Được bảo vệ
Không được bảo vệ
Điểm hướng dẫn
Hải Phòng, ngày … tháng … năm ……
Giảng viên hướng dẫn
(Ký và ghi rõ họ tên)
QC20-B18
CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM
Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc
PHIẾU NHẬN XÉT CỦA GIẢNG VIÊN CHẤM PHẢN BIỆN
Họ và tên giảng viên: ………………………………………………………………………………….
Đơn vị công tác:
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Họ và tên sinh viên:
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Đề tài tốt nghiệp:
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1. Phần nhận xét của giáo viên chấm phản biện
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2. Những mặt còn hạn chế
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3. Ý kiến của giảng viên chấm phản biện
Được bảo vệ
Không được bảo vệ
Điểm phản biện
Hải Phòng, ngày … tháng … năm ……
Giảng viên chấm phản biện
(Ký và ghi rõ họ tên)
QC20-B19
i
CONTENT OF TABLE
CONTENT OF TABLE ……………………………………………………………………………………
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………………………………………. ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
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iv
PART A: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………….
1
1. Rationale ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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2. Aims of the study
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3. Methods of the study
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4. Scope of the study
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5. Organization of the study
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PART B: DEVELOPMENT
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CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW …………………………………………………………..
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1.1 Theoretical background of reading
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1.1.1. Definition of reading …………………………………………………………………………………
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1.1.2 Definition of reading comprehension
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1.2. The importance of the reading skill
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1.3. Classification of reading skills ………………………………………………………………………
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1.3.1 Skimming………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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1.3.2.Scanning …………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
1.3.3. Exten sivereading ………………………………………………………………………….. 10
1.3.4. Inten sivereading
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1.4. Difficulties in learning the reading skill ………………………………………………………..
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1.4.1.Memory problem ……………………………………………………………………………………..
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1.4.2.Issues with decoding
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1.4.3.Poor comprehension …………………………………………………………………………………
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1.4.4.Speed………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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1.5. Factors affecting reading difficulties
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CHAPTER 2: THE STUDY ……………………………………………………………………………
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2.1. Participants ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
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2.2. Instrument …………………………………………………………………………………………………
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2.3. Data collection procedure
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CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………………………….
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3.1. Causes of reading difficulties experienced by first-year English majors at HMTU …… 22
3.2 Some suggestions to improve reading skill for first year English majors students of
HMTU ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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PART C: CONCLUSION
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1. Summary
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2. Limitations
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3. Recommendations for further study ………………………………………………………………..
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REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………………………………
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APPENDIX…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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Section 1: Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A complete study would not be done without any assistance. Therefore, the
author who conducted this research gratefully gives acknowledgement to their
support and motivation during the time of doing this research as a requirement of
completing my Degree of University.
First of all, I would like to express my endless thanks and gratefulness to
my supervisor Ms. Tran Thi Ngoc Lien, PhD, the lecturer of Foreign Language
Faculty, Haiphong Management and Technology University. Her kindly support
and continuous advices went through the process of completion of my thesis.
Her encouragement and comments significantly enriched and improved my
work. Without her motivation and instructions, the thesis would have been
impossible to be done effectively.
My sincere thanks are also sent to all the teachers of Foreign Language
Faculty at Haiphong Management and Technology University for their precious
and useful lessons during my four-year study which have been then the foundation
of this research paper and all the students of NA2301N, NA2301T and NA2301A
who enthusiastically helped me complete the survey questionnaires.
Last but not least, I would like to give my heartfelt thanks to my family,
my friends who always encourage and inspire me to complete this graduation
paper.
Haiphong, June 15th, 2020
Duyen
Pham Thi Duyen
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
HMTU
Haiphong Management and
Technology University
ESL
English as a second language
EFL
English foreign language
L2
Second language
ADD
Attention deficit disorder
1
PART A: INTRODUCTION
1.Rationale
There is no doubt that the role of English in the life of any society in the
world today has been becoming more and more important. The widespread need
for English as an international language puts a considerable pressure on the
education resources of any countries. In case of or country, since our government
carried out the open door policy to attract foreign investment and co-operate with
other countries, teaching and learning English become necessary. Moreover, it is
the English that is used as an effective medium of international communication.
It is the language of trade, science, technology, tourism, sport, music and many
other fields of life. That is the reason why at present, learning English is not only
the interest but also the great and practical demand for many people, especially
for student who always want to assess the modern world. Therefore, English is
now taught as a compulsory subject to all students at universities in our country.
To master English, the students need to grasp all four skills that are closely related
to one another: Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing. Among these skills,
reading is an important one because it does not only help student develop other
language skills, but also provides them knowledge on the target language.
Reading is the window of the world because of the fact that people can get
more knowledge and information from books, magazines, newspaper, etc. It helps
readers to discover new words and phrases that they come across in everyday
conversations. Many foreign language students often regard reading as one of the
most important goals in learning process and social interaction. Firstly, reading is
an indispensable communication tool in a civilized society. Secondly, that the
reading materials produced in any period of time in history is the most influenced
by social background. Thirdly, the development over the period of the recorded
history of reading have led to two very different poles.
In the process of teaching and learning English as a foreign language in
Vietnam in general, and at Haiphong Management and Technology University
2
(HMTU) in particular, reading has always been paid a great deal of attention from
both teachers and students. Like many other universities in Vietnam, English at
HMTU is learned and taught in a non-native environment, therefore, reading is
not only considered as a means to gain knowledge but also a means by which
further study takes place.
This is especially true to the students at the HMTU, where learners are
often future interpreters, translators, or teacher whose desires are to be able to
handle subjects related to written material in English and to work with their
English- speaking colleagues and partners. It is essential for them to acquire the
ability to read English, effectively and efficiently. However, despite the
teachers’ and the students’ effort, students still often claim to have a lot of
difficulties in reading English textbooks or English material, and therefore, they
sometimes read them inefficiently.
For the first-year students of English, although they have been learning
English for at least several years, it is still often difficult for them to understand
text or passage in English, since they still lack vocabulary, grammar, reading skill
and poor background knowledge. Besides, the teachers sometimes have to face
with difficulties in dealing with the students’ learning demand and newly
introduced sources of materials. In addition, teaching methods and teaching
techniques in general, are still below the international standard of education.
Identifying the areas of students’ difficulty at HMTU and the cause of their
unsuccessful reading comprehension is necessary. Therefore, these reasons have
inspired the writing of a study on DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS TO
IMPROVE READING SKILL FOR FIRST-YEAR ENGLISH MAJORS
STUDENTS AT HMTU as well as some suggested solutions. It is hoped that the
study will make some contributions to improve learning English in general, and
reading in particular among the first-year English majors at HMTU. The author
also hoped that it will be possible to make useful suggestions for the teachers to
improve the situation of teaching and learning reading at HMTU.
2.Aims of the study
As an English department student, the main purpose of this study is to
identify the majors causes of difficulties reading skill by first-year English majors
students at Haiphong Management and Technology University. Besides, the study
is expected to suggest some solutions to improve reading skill for students. In
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order to gain this aim, the specific objectives of the study are:
Firstly, the study focuses on the theory related to reading skill, the
awareness of the importance of reading and learning reading methods.
Secondly, the study explores the real situation and problems which
students have to encounter in learning reading.
Finally, the main purpose of this study is to suggest some effective and
productive methods that can be applied and suited for first year English majors
students at Haiphong Management and Technology University.
3.Methods of the study
The study is carried out on the basic of qualitative and quantitative
research methods including questionnaires and class observation.
Questionnaires are designed as a means to make the researcher’s
evaluation more objective. The questionnaires are given to the first year students
at HMTU with the hope to find out the causes of difficulties in reading skill by
them and some suggested solutions to their difficulties.
Analyzing statistics from the survey questionnaires on reading activities is
conducted with the cooperation of both teachers and students at HMTU. All
comments, remark recommendation assumptions, and conclusion provided in the
study are based on the data analysis.
Besides, more information needed for the study is gathered through other
methods such as informal interviews and discussions with teachers and students
at HMTU.
4.Scope of the study
There are many different material resources and researches while the
author’s personal experience is limited. Therefore, in this graduation paper, I
would like to focus on finding the difficulties in studying reading of first year
English majors students and some solutions for teaching and studying this skill.
5.Organization of the study
The research work has three main parts:
Part A – Introduction provides rationale, the aims, scope, methods and
organization of the study.
Part B – Development consists of three chapters:
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Chapter one is literature view which provides an overview of reading,
difficulties in learning reading skill and factor affecting reading difficulties.
Chapter two shows detailed explanation of the methodology.
Chapter three indicates the cause of difficulties in reading skill
experienced by first year English majors at HMTU and some suggested solutions
to reading difficulties as well as implication for teaching and learning reading skill
at HMTU.
Part C – Conclusion summarizes what is given in previous chapters and
limitation of the study as well as recommendations for further study.
5
PART B: DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1 Theoretical background of reading
1.1.1. Definition of reading
Reading is often referred to as the most important of the four language
skills for EFL learners, as it enables students to gain exposure to the target
language and receive valuable linguistic input to build up language proficiency
(Erten & Razi, 2003). We cannot be sure when reading activity begins, but we
have to admit that reading is essential activity that provides a great contribution
in obtaining knowledge. It is obvious that in real life we usually spend much
time reading all sorts of things like books, magazines, newspapers, novels,
stories. However, sometimes we read but we do not understand what they mean,
or cannot understand the text we read. In this case, it cannot be called reading.
So what is reading?
There have been numerous definitions of reading each of them is the
reflection of its author’s view of the reading process. Anderson (1999: 1) explains
this very neatly as follows: “Reading is an active, fluent process which involves
the reader and the reading material in building meaning. Meaning does not reside
on the printed page or occurs in reading, which combines the words on the printed
page with the reader’s background knowledge and experience.”
According to Harmer (1989: 153), reading is a mechanical process that
“eyes receive the message and the brain then has to work out the significance of
the message”. In his definition, Harmer focuses on both two actions dominated by
the eyes and the brain as well as on the speed of the process “a reading text
moves at the speed of the reader”, which means that the readers themselves
decides how fast he want to read the text.
Sharing the same opinion, Smith (1985: 102) defines “reading
understands the author’s thought”. He also added that “understands print or even
receiving communication can hardly be said to explain reading”. The problem
still remains how the reader understands the print or the message. “It means that
we – the reader – read the author’s mind not the author’s words”. Roe, Stood and
Burns (1987: 2) describes reading in a more extensive way. In the opinion,
“reading is thinking”, or “reading comprehension is interpretation and
evaluation of what author of written content means by using knowledge gained
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from life experience.”
Another definition of reading was offered by Allen and Valletta (1977:
249). In their opinion, “reading is a developmental process”. We learn reading
not only to know how to read, to master the symbols, the sound, the language, the
grammar, that used in the text but also to understand the ideas, the information
expressed in that text or to develop the ability of reconstructing its contents
using our own words. One more researcher called Goodman (1971: 153)
considers reading is “a psycholinguistic process by which the reader – a
language user, reconstructs, as best as he can, a message which has been
encoded by a writer as a graphic display”.
Reading involves a reader, a text, and a writer. Reading skills are
developed in an active process. This process involves the surface representation
encoded by a writer and ends with interpretation of the written text and
interchanges between the writer and the reader (Carrell 1988). If the writer is
careless, the reader may not get the message. If the writer makes demands that the
reader cannot fulfill, the message will not be received, even though to another
reader it might be clear. If the reader is careless, reading will result in complete
interpretation. The reader tries to interpret the text through his/her own
experiences, but they many differ from the writer’s experiences. This
explanation proves that reading is not just an active process, but also an
interactive one. Reading is closely linked with meaning. For this reason, lack of
shared assumptions presents the most difficult problem in reading.
To sum up, from all these opinions above, it is obvious that no definition
can possibly capture all the ideas and feature of what reading is. Each linguist’s
definition reflects what reading means as seen from his own point of view.
However, they all have some features in common, they share the same ideas that
reading means we – readers read the author’s mind not the author’s word, and that
reading means comprehending written language and it employs a variety of skills.
In addition, they all concentrate on the nature of reading.
1.1.2 Definition of reading comprehension
In teaching and learning a foreign language in general and teaching
reading in particular, reading comprehension plays an important part, it can be
understood as the ability to draw attention to the required information from the
text as efficiently as possible. So what is reading comprehension?
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According to Richard and Thomas (1987: 9), “Reading comprehension is
best described as an understanding between the author and the reader”. This point
of view concentrate on the reader’s understanding of the message based on the
individual’s background knowledge. They stated that “reading is much more than
just pronouncing words correctly or simply knowing what the author intends: it is
process whereby the printed pages stimulate ideas, experiences and responses that
are unique to an individual”.
In his book, Swan (1975: 1) pointed out that “a student is good at
comprehension we mean that he can read accurately and efficiently, so as to get
the maximum information of a text with the minimum of understanding”. For Roe,
Stood and Burns (1987: 9): Reading comprehension is reconstruction,
interpretation, and evaluation of what author of written content means by using
knowledge gained from life experience.
Study the nature of reading comprehension, Francoise (1981: 3) indicated
that “Reading comprehension or understanding written text means extracting the
required information from it as effectively as possible”. This means that the
student can show his understanding by re-expressing the content of the text in
many ways such as summarizing the text, answering questions etc.
From these theories above, it can be understood that reading for
comprehension is the primary purpose for reading; raising student’s awareness of
main ideas in a text and exploring the organization of a text are essential for good
comprehension. It is the process in which the readers – as they read, can recognize
the graphic form and understand the relation between the writing and the meaning.
It means that after reading, students can master grammar structures, words,
pronunciation and can understand the content of the text and use it in their real
life as effective as possible. Reading means comprehension written language so
when understanding break down, reading actually does not occur.
1.2. The importance of the reading skill
A student’s reading skill are important to their success in school as they
will allow them to access the breadth of the curriculum and improve their
communication and language skills. In addition, reading can be a fun and
imaginative time for students, which opens doors to all kinds of new worlds for
them, especially first-year English majors at HMTU because English at the
HMTU is learnt and taught in non-native environment. Indeed, reading is not only
8
considered as a mean to gain knowledge but also a means by which further study
takes place. Learning to read is about listening and understanding as well as
working out what is printed on the page. Through the teacher’s conversation,
students are exposed to a wide range of words. This helps them build their own
vocabulary and improve their understanding when they listen, which is vital as
they start to read. It is important for them to understand what the teacher’s opinion
is and what he or she is talking about. Even if student do not understand every
word, they will hear new sounds, words and phrases which they can then try out,
copying what they have heard because of their desire to handle subjects related to
written material in English and to work with their English-speaking colleagues
and partners.
Why is reading so important?
Studies show that reading for pleasure makes a big difference to student’s
education performance. Likewise, evidence suggests that students who read for
enjoyment every day not only perform better in reading tests than those who do
not, but also develop a broader vocabulary, increased general knowledge and a
better understanding of other cultures.
In fact, reading for pleasure is more likely to determine whether a student
does well at school than their social or economic background.
1.3. Classification of reading skills
It is necessary for the students to be aware of the purpose and goals for
reading a particular piece of written text. The important notice for both the
teachers and learners is that the purpose of reading related to the types of reading
skills. The subjects will attain their goals quickly and efficiently if they apply
appropriate reading skills. Kenneth Beare, an ESL trainer and developer, points
out that there are 4 main types of reading skills.
Skimming: reading rapidly for the main points.
Scanning: Reading rapidly to finda specificpieceof information.
Intensivereading:
readingashort
textfor
detailed information.
Extensive reading: reading a longer text, often for pleasure with
emphasis on overall meaning.
1.3.1 Skimming
Skimming differs from general rapid reading in that the readers go
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through the text extremely quickly, merely dipping into it or sampling it at
various points. Skimming is the technique that is used widely in reading
comprehension. Skimming may sometimes be the prerequisite of reading for
full understanding.
There are many definitions of skimming, Grellet (1981: 19) states that
“when skimming, we go through the reading material quickly in order to get the
gist of it, to know how it is organized, or to get an idea of the tone or intention of
the writer”. It means that the purpose of skimming is simply to see what a text.
Skimming occurs when the reader looks quickly at the contents page of a book,
or at the chapter headings, subheading, etc. This is sometimes called previewing.
Therefore, the key that actually encourages learners to skim is to give them a
series of texts and ask them to select appropriate titles from groups of ones.
Moreover, in order to teach skimming effectively, the teacher should have the
students read the beginning or end of a text or a paragraph because it may provide
students with a statement relating to the topic. Skimming gives students the
advantage of being able to predict the purpose of the passage, the main topic or
message, or possibly some of the developing or supporting ideas. This gives them
a “head start” as they embark on more focused reading. Skimming also helps
students organize their thoughts and specify what information they can get from
a book so that the subsequent reading will become more efficient.
In conclusion, skimming is understood as a necessary technique for
reading comprehension which enables readers to get the main points of the text
without being concerned with the details. Therefore, skimming should be
applied at the first stage of teaching reading to help student have an overview of
what they are going to read. And it is sure that they will understand the whole
text later. However, skimming sometimes proves too difficult for younger
learners, or beginners because they generally lack confidence and the knowledge
of the language they are learning.
1.3.2.Scanning
Like skimming, scanning is also one of two most valuable reading strategies.
However, scanning is far more limited than skimming since it only means
retrieving what information is relevant to our purpose. Scanning occurs when a
reader goes through a text very quickly in order to find a particular point of
information. It is a useful skill worth cultivating for its own sake, if it has been
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cultivated systematically from the earliest point in the course at which it can be
attempted, co-operative work on the study of texts can be greatly expected and
made easy. Francois (1981: 19) understands that “when scanning, we only try to
locate specific information and often we do not even follow the linearity of the
passage to do so. We simply let our eyes wander over the text until we find what
we are looking for, whether it is a name, a date, or a less specific piece of
information”. With the same opinion, Mabel states that “Scanning is the speed
technique that helps you locate a bit of specific information very rapidly. It
could
involve finding a name, date, place or statistic. Or it might involve identifying a
general setting in a short story. Scanning is the technique you use when you
read
maps, charts, tables, or graphs. It is the main skill researchers use when they
examine various to locate information about a specific topic”.
Scanning requires two skills of the reader. One of them is that they recognize
the specific type of word that identifies the item. The other is the use of a different
eye movement pattern, vertical vision. Nearly all the background reading required
for the presenting of a topic to the class by a group calls for proficiency in this type
of reading. There is a great range of text suitable for canning – indexes,
dictionaries, maps, advertisements, labels, reference material, etc.
In short, the key to scanning is to decide exactly what kind of information
we can look for and where to find it. The purpose of scanning is to extract certain
specific information without reading through the whole text.
1.3.3.Extensive reading
Extensive reading is a fluency activity, mainly involving general
understanding. It provides valuable reinforcement of the language already
presented and practiced in the class as well as giving students useful practice in
inferring meaning from the context of the text.
Lewis and Hill (1985: 109) state that “extensive reading means students
have a general understanding of the text without necessarily understanding
every word”. It is obvious that when reading extensively, readers do not need to
have intense concentration on the content of a long text and total comprehension
because the objective of extensive reading is to cover the greatest possible amount
of text in the shortest possible time. In other words, extensive reading can be
compared to the activity of ploughing through the text in a uniform fashion.
Extensive reading is therefore regarded as means of entertainment and pleasure.
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And the reason why this kind of reading is essentially needed is that it can promote
reading out of class. Students can read directly and fluently in the foreign language
for their own enjoyment without the aid of teacher. Furthermore, it is by pursuing
the activity of extensive reading that the volume of practice necessary to achieve
rapid and efficient reading can be achieved. It is also one of the means by which
a foreigner may be exposed to a substantial sample of the language he may wish
to learn without actually going to live in the country to which that language is
native.
Basing on the importance of extensive reading, Nuttall (1982: 168) shows
that “the best way to improve one’s knowledge of a foreign language is to go and
live among its speakers: The next best way is read extensively in it”.
The practice of extensive reading needs little justification. It is clearly the
earliest way of bringing the foreign learner into sustained contact with a
substantial body of English.
Broughton (1980: 111) suggests that “there appear to be basically three
ways the extensive reading may be encouraged, first by having class sets of title,
second by operating a class library system, and the third by using the school
library”.
In short, the kind of reading is necessary for students at University
because it actively promotes reading out the class and gives them opportunity to
use their own knowledge of the language for their own purposes. Moreover, this
kind of reading is regarded as pleasure and interest. That is why intensive
reading is highly motivated.
1.3.4.Intensive reading
The remaining two kinds of reading activity, content study reading and
linguistic study reading are also often grouped together and called intensive
reading.
Different from extensive reading – reading for fluency, readers can read
without the aid of the teachers and without understanding the text in detail –
extensive reading is regarded as reading for accuracy. It “involves approaching
the text under the close guidance of the teacher or under the guidance of a task
which forces the students to pay great attention to the text in order to arrive at a
profound to detailed understanding of the text not only of what it means, but
also of how the meaning is produced. The “how” is as important as the “what”,
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for the intensive reading lesson is intended primarily to train students in reading
strategies”. (Nuttall, 1982: 23)
Sharing this opinion, Lewis (1985: 109) states that “intensive reading
means students understand everything they read and be able to answer detailed
vocabulary and comprehension questions”. The concern of such reading is for
detailed comprehension of very short texts. “The objective of intensive reading is
to achieve full understanding of the logical argument, the rhetorical arrangement
or pattern of the text, of its symbolic, emotional and social overtones, of the
attitudes and purposes of the author, and of linguistic means that he employs to
achieve his ends” (Broughton, 1980: 93). In other words, the aim of intensive
reading is to obtain the fullest possible response in the student’s head to the black
mark in his book. Response cannot be achieved by instruction about what he ought
to see and feel, or by repetition of what others see and feel, although knowledge
of what can be seen by others sometimes helps us to see for ourselves.
In general, in real life, our reading purpose constantly vary therefore we
can use different ways of reading to obtain information. Teachers should be active
and flexible in each situation to choose the type of reading to help students
become independent and efficient readers.
1.4.Difficulties in learning the reading skill
Based on the author’s personal experience and on the basis of observation
and gets opinion of friend and especially interviews a number of civilian freshmen
at HMTU, I have found four common difficulties that students often encounter
when reading and understanding English documents.
1.4.1.Memory problem
Short-term and long term problem can be another aspect of reading
comprehension issues. When a student does not fully understand what he or she
just read or learn, student will have difficulties remembering the information and
new words. Teachers can identify students with memory problems before issue
gets out of hand by using pop quizzes and mini-test after reading sections.
1.4.2.Issues with decoding
Also known as sounding out words, decoding is when students are able to
put sounds to letters in order to sound out written language. It’s common for
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beginner readers to struggle when they meet new or unfamiliar terms, but typically
decoding becomes easier with phonics instruction and repeated practice with
reading out loud. If a student continuous to struggle, there may be a specific
learning difficulties present, or a physical impairment that is preventing them
from physically seeing the letters or hearing the sounds in spoken language.
1.4.3.Poor comprehension
There’s a lot going on reading, from letter and word recognition to
understanding meaning at the phrase, sentence, and paragraph level. When a
beginner reader encounters vocabulary they do not know or do not recognize due
to inaccurate decoding, they are likely to skip ahead. The more blanks in a line of
text, the harder it is to make meaning and the more cognitively challenging and
frustrating the reading task becomes. That’s why poor comprehension can result
when a student struggles with decoding, has a limited vocabulary or attempts to
read a text that is at too high of a level.
However, reading also requires being able to pay attention to narrative.
Students need to identify gist, main ideas, and specific details and even make
inferences about what they are reading. If a student has problems staying focused,
it can impact on comprehension.
1.4.4.Speed
The more students read, the more they encounter unfamiliar term. Quite
often the context in which these new words are found gives children all of the
clues they need to guess at the meaning. As students expand their vocabulary, they
recognize more words by sight and reading speeds up.
If speed is still an issue, there may be an underlying problem, such as
slow processing. Reading is a cognitively demanding task and holding so much
information in the mind while continuing to process text can exhaust children with
slow processing. Strategy instruction may help but it’s important that these
students be allowed extra time to complete tasks that require extensive reading.
1.5. Factors affecting reading difficulties
Richek, List and Lerner (1989) explained five key elements of the reading
problems. Environment is the first factors which affected to. Different
environment such as home, school, social groups, and cultural have strong impact
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on their ability. Next is emotion, readers who are low self-esteem and
depression, they will be lack of confidence and afraid of making a mistake.
Third one is physical factor includes hearing problems, visual problem, as well
as other physical problems. Intelligence is another factor. It depends on the level
predicted by intelligence tests. Finally, language knowledge consisting of
vocabulary and sentence structure is one factor which affected to read.
And according to Denis (2008), reading skill is a complex process
between identifying symbols and interpreting the meaning behind the symbols.
Some factors affect reading skill. There are complexity of the reading text,
environmental influences, anxieties, during reading comprehension, interest and
motivation, decoding or word recognition speed, and medical problems. In the
following section, these factors are elaborated in detail.
The complexity of the texts is one of the factors that impacts learners’
reading comprehension. This factor is influenced by the readers’ strength and
fluency in language and their comprehending of its applications and different
meanings. Oral abilities have a significant part in identifying how skilled a reader
can be because learners hear word and obtain a lot of vocabulary. A lot of
vocabularies assist learners in explaining the unknown words through applying
the opinions of context (Denis, 2008). The second factor related to the
environmental conditions that impact the learners who try to read a passage.
Readers may have a lot of problem to understand a text in an unorganized
environment than those who read in a calm and controlled place. When they are
in safe environments, their reading comprehension ability will better. Readers will
lose their concentration in understanding a text when there are noises like
televisions or radios.
The third factor is pertinent to the anxiety during reading comprehension.
Examinations, class work, or homework situations can put more pressure on
readers’ reading than reading for enjoyment. Some learners react positively to
examinations while others are overwhelmed by the pressure to carry out a reading
activity. Learners who experience this anxiety may not completely understand
the instructions and this may lead to confusion and poor comprehension of the
reading task. The fourth factor is interest and motivation. According to Dennis
(2008), learners’ interest and motivation are very important in developing reading
comprehension skill. If readers find the reading material monotonous, they will
have a lot of problems in concentrating on their comprehension. This can lead to
