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BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG
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ISO 9001:201
KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP
NGÀNH: NGÔN NGỮ ANH
Sinh viên :Lê Thanh Huyền
Giảng viên hướng dẫn: Bùi Thị Tuyết Mai
HẢI PHÒNG – 2019
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BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG
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FACTOR AFECTING SPEAKING SKILL OF FIRST YEAR
ENGLISH MAJOR AT HPU
KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP ĐẠI HỌC HỆ CHÍNH QUY
NGÀNH:NGÔN NGỮ ANH
Sinh viên :Lê Thanh Huyền
Giảng viên hướng dẫn: Bùi Thị Tuyết Mai
HẢI PHÒNG – 2019
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BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DÂN LẬP HẢI PHÒNG
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NHIỆM VỤ ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP
Sinh viên: Lê Thanh Huyền Mã SV: 1412751053
Lớp: NA1802 Ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh
Tên đề tài: Factor afecting speaking skill of first year English major at
HPU
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NHIỆM VỤ ĐỀ TÀI
1. Nội dung và các yêu cầu cần giải quyết trong nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp
( về lý luận, thực tiễn, các số liệu cần tính toán và các bản vẽ).
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2. Các số liệu cần thiết để thiết kế, tính toán.
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3. Địa điểm thực tập tốt nghiệp.
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CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP
Người hướng dẫn thứ nhất:
Họ và tên:…………………………………………………………………………………
Học hàm, học vị:………………………………………………………………………..
Cơ quan công tác:………………………………………………………………………
Nội dung hướng dẫn:………………………………………………………………….
Người hướng dẫn thứ hai:
Họ và tên:…………………………………………………………………………………
Học hàm, học vị:………………………………………………………………………..
Cơ quan công tác:………………………………………………………………………
Nội dung hướng dẫn:………………………………………………………………….
Đề tài tốt nghiệp được giao ngày tháng năm
Yêu cầu phải hoàn thành xong trước ngày tháng năm
Đã nhận nhiệm vụ ĐTTN Đã giao nhiệm vụ ĐTTN
Sinh viên
Người hướng dẫ
Hải Phòng, ngày …… tháng……..năm 2018
Hiệu trưởng
GS.TS.NGƯT Trần Hữu Nghị
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PHẦN NHẬN XÉT CỦA CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN
1. Tinh thần thái độ của sinh viên trong quá trình làm đề tài tốt nghiệp:
……………………………………………………………………………..
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2. Đánh giá chất lượng của khóa luận (so với nội dung yêu cầu đã đề ra trong
nhiệm vụ Đ.T. T.N trên các mặt lý luận, thực tiễn, tính toán số liệu…):
……………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………..
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3. Cho điểm của cán bộ hướng dẫn (ghi bằng cả số và chữ):
……………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………….
Hải Phòng, ngày … tháng … năm
Cán bộ hướng dẫn
(Ký và ghi rõ họ tên)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMNTS
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to many people who have assisted me
in the completion of my research.
I want to send my sincere thanks to all teachers at Hai Phong Private University for
their precious and useful lessons during my study. Especially, I am so grateful to
Ms. Bui Thi Tuyet Mai (MA) my supervisor for her guidance and comment
throughout this study. She has helped me so much and giving me a lot valuable
suggestions, advice about my study.
Last but far from least, I would like to thanks my friends and my parent too for
their encouragements.
Hai Phong, June 2019
Le Thanh Huyen
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMNTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART1: INTRODUCTION
1. Rationale of the study
2. Aims of the study and the scope of the study
3. Scope of the study
4. Methods of study
5. . Designs of the study
PART 2: DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 1. Literature review
1.1 Speaking
1.2. Type of speaking
1.2.1 Ceremonial Speaking
1.2.2 Demonstrative Speaking
1.2.3 Informative Speaking
1.2.4 Persuasive Speaking
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1.3 The speaking process
1.4 Factor
1.4.1 Fear of mistake
1.4.2 Shyness
1.4.3 Lack of Confidence
1.4.4 Lack of Motivation
1.3.5 Lack of envioment
1.4.6 Vocab and pronunciation
CHAPTER 2 : THE STUDY ON THE FACTOR AFFECTING SPEAKING
SKILL OF FIRST YEAR ENGLISH MAJOR AT HPU
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INTRODUCTION
1. Rationale of the study
English is the language of science, of aviation, computers, diplomacy, and tourism.
Knowing English increases your chances of getting a good job in a multinational
company within your home country or for finding work abroad. It’s also the
language of international communication, the media and the internet, so learning
English is important for social and entertainment as well as work. Being able to
speak English is not just about being able to communicate with native English
speakers, it is the most common second language in the world. If you want to speak
to someone from another country then the chances are that you will both be
speaking English to do this. We can understand that study English is really
important. English is being taught at every educational level and it has become a
compulsory subject in most schools. It is expected that learners must master four
language skills: writing, reading, speaking, and listening skill. Speaking is probably
the language skill and the productive skill. It could not be separated from listening.
When we speak we produce the text and it should be meaningful. In the nature of
communication, we can find the speaker, the listener, the message and the
feedback. Speaking could not be separated from pronunciation as it encourages
learners to learn the English sounds.
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At Hai Phong Private University (HPU), there are still some problems today about
speaking English, especially the first year English majors at HPU have a poor
English speaking skill. They spend a lot of time on learning grammar, writing,
reading and seem to ignore speaking or they are not able to speak. The majority of
the first year English majors are really passive in their speaking. Furthermore, they
feel reluctant to get involved in the speaking activities in the lessons. Therefore,
their English speaking skill is often low and very few of them can communicate in
English fluently.
2. Aims of the study and the scope of the study
The study aims to explore the factor affecting English speaking of the first year
English majors at HPU and suggest some main techniques which include the
methods of strengthening the teaching of English speaking to help students enhance
their English speaking skill. Only in this way, students who are learning English
speaking can learn it well so that they can communicate in English fluently
3. Scope of the study
Due to the limitation of time, resources and knowledge of the author, this study
only focuses on giving out the definition of speaking skill , type of speaking and
factors affecting speaking skill of first year English major at HPU . I hope that this
study helps them to improve speaking skill at first year English major as well as in
others.
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4. Methods of study
To finish this study, I myself carry out some following methods. The websites and
reference books related to speaking, methodology are reviewed to get background
knowledge of what speaking is, successful and interesting techniques in teaching
speaking.
A survey questionnaire was conducted to the first year English majors at HPU
After getting the results, the researcher will use the comments, remarks,
recommendations and conclusion provided in the study for presenting the
collection data.
5. Designs of the study
This study consists of three parts:
Part I. Introduction, includes the rationale to the study. It also includes the aims of
the study, the research questions, the scope of the study. Next the design of the
study is also presented.
Part II. Development . It consists of three chapters:
Chapter 1. Literature review, presents a review of related literature that provides
the definition of speaking , type of speaking and the main factors affecting students
English speaking.
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Chapter 2. The factors affecting speaking skill of first year English major at HPU
and The survey questionnaires
Chapter 3. Finding and discussion: Some suggested techniques in teaching English
speaking skill for the first year English majors at HPU.
Part III. Conclusions
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PART II: DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 1. Literature review
1.1 Speaking
Speaking effectively is defined as speaking in such a way that your message is
clearly heard and, if possible, acted upon. There are two main elements to speaking
effectively: what you say, and how you say it.
What you say means your choice of words. The words you might use when chatting
to a friend are likely to be quite different from those used in a formal presentation
or interview.
Speaking is an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves
producing and receiving and processing information (Brown, 1994; Burns & Joyce,
1997). Its form and meaning are dependent och it occurs, including the participants
themselves, their collective experiences, the physical environment, and the
purposes for speaking. It is often spontaneous, open-ended, and evolving. However,
speech is not always unpredictable. Language functions (or patterns) that tend to
recur in certain discourse situations (e.g., declining an invitation or requesting time
off from work), can be identified and charted (Burns &Joyce, 1997). For example,
when a salesperson asks “May I help you?” the expected discourse sequence
includes a statement of need, response to the need, offer of appreciation,
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acknowledgement of the appreciation, and a leave-taking exchange. Speaking
requires that learners not only know how to produce specific points of language
such as grammar, pronunciation, or vocabulary (linguistic competence), but also
that
they
understand
when,
why,
and
in
what
ways
to
produce
language (sociolinguistic competence). Finally, speech has its own skills,
structures, and conventions different from written language (Burns & Joyce, 1997;
Carter & McCarthy, 1995; Cohen, 1996). A good speaker synthesizes this array of
skills and knowledge to succeed in a given speech act.
Tarigan (1990:3-4) defines that speaking is a language skill that is developed in
child life, which is produced by listening skill, and at that period speaking skill is
learned.
Based on Competence Based Curriculum speaking is one of the four basic
competences that the students should gain well. It has an important role in
communication. Speaking can find in spoken cycle especially in Joint Construction
of Text stage (Department Pendidikan Nasional, 2004). In carrying out speaking,
students face some difficulties one of them is about language its self. In fact, most
of students get difficulties to speak even though they have a lot of vocabularies and
have written them well. The problems are afraid for students to make mistakes.
Speaking is the productive skill. It could not be separated from listening. When we
speak we produce the text and it should be meaningful. In the nature of
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communication, we can find the speaker, the listener, the message and the
feedback. Speaking could not be separated from pronunciation as it encourages
learners to learn the English sounds.
According to Ladouse (1991) speaking is described as the activity as the ability to
express oneself in the situation, or the activity to report acts, or situation in precise
words or the ability to converse or to express a sequence of ideas fluently.
Furthermore, Tarigan (1990: 8) said that “Berbicara adalah cara untuk
berkomunikasi yang berpengaruh hidup kita sehari-hari”. It means that speaking as
the way of communication influences our individual life strongly.
From the explanation above, the researcher concludes that speaking is what we say
to what we see, feel and think. When we feel something, we want someone can
hear us. So, in this process we can call it is an interaction between two sides. When
someone speak to other person, there will be a relationship. The relationship itself
is communication. Furthermore, Wilson (1983:5) defines speaking as development
of the relationship between speaker and listener. In addition speaking determining
which logical linguistic, psychological a physical rules should be applied in a given
communicate situation”. It means that the main objective of speaking is for
communication. In order to express effectively, the speaker should know exactly
what he/she wants to speak or to communicate, he/she has to be able to evaluate the
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effects of his/her communication to his/her listener, he/she has to understand any
principle that based his speaking either in general or in individual.
Based on the statements above the researcher infers that if someone speaks, he/she
should understand what is he/she about. In this section, the writer should develop
ideas or build some topics to be talked and to make other responds to what speakers
says.
Teachers should monitor learners’ speech production to determine what skills and
knowledge they already have and what areas need development. Bailey and
SavageÕs New Ways in Teaching Speaking(1994), and LewisÕs New Ways in
Teaching Adults (1997) offer suggestions for activities that can address different
skills.
Speaking lessons can follow the usual pattern of preparation, presentation, practice,
evaluation, and extension. The teacher can use the preparation step to establish a
context for the speaking task (where, when, why, and with whom it will occur) and
to initiate awareness of the speaking skill to be targeted (asking for clarification,
stressing key words, using reduced forms of words). In presentation, the teacher
can provide learners with a preproduction model that furthers learner
comprehension and helps them become more attentive observers of language
use. Practice involves learners in reproducing the targeted structure, usually in a
controlled or highly supported manner. Evaluation involves directing attention to
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the skill being examined and asking learners to monitor and assess their own
progress. Finally, extension consists of activities that ask learners to use the
strategy or skill in a different context or authentic communicative situation, or to
integrate use of the new skill or strategy with previously acquired ones (Brown,
1994; Burns & Joyce, 1997; Carter & McCarthy, 1995).
Speaking is key to communication. By considering what good speakers do, what
speaking tasks can be used in class, and what specific needs learners report,
teachers can help learners improve their speaking and overall oral competency.
https://www.google.com.vn/search?tbm=isch&q=speaking#imgrc=aBs8bJSh-
xM6xM
1.2. Type of speaking
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There are 4 type of speaking : Ceremonial, demonstrative, informative and
persuasive
1.2.1 Ceremonial Speaking
Most people will give some sort of ceremonial speech during their lifetime. These
speeches mark special occasions. They are common at weddings, graduations and
funerals — as well as large birthday celebrations and office holiday parties.
Ceremonial speaking typically involves a toast and is personal with an intimate
emotional connection to people hearing it.
1.2.2 Demonstrative Speaking
Science demonstrations and role playing are types of demonstrative speaking. This
type of public speaking requires being able to speak clearly and concisely to
describe actions and to perform those actions while speaking. Demonstrative
speaking attempts to demonstrate how to do something. It is easier to remember
how to do something when we actually see it being done. So this kind of speaking
may have or be a part of a demonstration. The idea behind demonstrative speaking
is that the audience members leave with the knowledge about how to do something
If you have ever seen a knife salesman in the mall and watched him slice a tomato
paper thin, then you have seen demonstrative public speaking.
1.2.3 Informative Speaking
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With the way information is spoken, speakers are trying to explain a simple
concept to audience members. The goal is to inform the audience about the
information being presented. It requires a context that will allow the audience to
receive information and make it usable . College lecture courses involve speaking
information as well as industry conferences and public officials sharing important
information. In this style, information is important. The speaker does not try to
make others agree with him or show them how to do something for themselves.
Instead he is disseminating important information.
1.2.4 Persuasive Speaking
Persuasive speaking tends to be the most glitzy. Politicians, lawyers and clergy
members use persuasive speaking. This type of speaking requires practicing voice
inflections and nuances of language that will convince the audience members of a
certain viewpoint. The persuasive speaker has a stake in the outcome of the speech.
Politicians, for instance, may want votes or a groundswell of support for a pet
project, while lawyers are trying to convince a jury of their position — and clergy
members are trying to win others over to their faith. The persuasive speaker uses
emotional appeals and strong language in speeches.
The art of persuasion has developed into a unique field of public speaking.
Traditional persuasion uses a set of techniques that when employed skillfully, will
allow the speaker to move the audience to adopt a new thought, idea, concept, or
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way of doing things. Within this modality of speaking are those who have elevated
the art by returning to the roots of rhetorical speaking. This happens by using
questions to develop a social dialog with the audience, applying the skillful use of
rhetorical questions.
1.3 The speaking process
As students actively engage in the speaking process, their perceptions can change
from moment to moment and from week to week. As individuals acquire new
information, the language they use to make meaning changes. As they reflect upon
information shared or received, they revise their understanding, further developing
their schemas about language and the world.
The speaking process includes activities that occur prior to, during, and after the
actual speaking event. For example, before speaking, the speaker might determine
the actual content of the message, how it should be presented, and what kind of
audience will be hearing the message. While speaking, the speaker must attend to
such things as presenting a clear message, tone of voice, suitable vocabulary,
possible responses, the environment, and nonverbal gestures. Following speaking,
the speaker might accept comments, answer questions, explain concepts not
understood, and/or assess the process.
Just as pre-writing precedes drafting, pre-speaking begins before students actually
speak. Students’ experiences, observations, and interactions inside and outside of
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the classroom have an impact upon what they say and how they say it. Pre-speaking
activities involve thought and reflection, and provide opportunities for students to
plan and organize for speaking. Some purposes for pre-speaking are listed below.
To choose a speaking topic:
Students generate and explore ideas for speaking topics through a variety of pre-
speaking activities such as the following:
– constructing thought webs and graphic organizers
– reading and researching
– listening to music
– viewing a video
– listening to a speaker
– jotting down ideas
– reflecting upon personal experience.
To determine purpose:
Speakers talk to express ideas, emotions, and opinions, and to share information.
Students must ask themselves “What is my purpose for speaking?”
To determine audience:
Speakers must ask themselves “Who is my intended audience?” Some possible
audiences are:
– familiar, known audiences (self, friends, peers, family, teachers)
– extended, known audiences (community, student body)
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– extended, unknown audiences (local media).
To determine format:
Speakers must consider how their ideas and information can be presented most
effectively. Some possible formats include the following:
– conversation
– discussion
– formal speech
– dramatic presentation
– monologue
– Readers Theatre.
In order to communicate and interact with others, students need to engage in a
variety of formal and informal speaking situations, depending upon their purpose
for speaking. Some purposes for speaking include the following:
– to express personal feelings, ideas, or viewpoints
– to tell a story
– to entertain or amuse
– to describe
– to inform or explain
– to request
– to inquire or question
– to clarify thinking
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– to explore and experiment with a variety of ideas and formats
– to converse and discuss.
Some scaffolds to support speaking include the following:
– Discussing or developing with students criteria for a variety of formal and
informal speaking formats (e.g., conversation, group discussion, role play), and
posting these on a bulletin board or having students record them in their notebooks
for reference.
– Modelling a variety of formal and informal speaking formats for students.
– If possible, making available to students audio and video equipment so that they
can practise prior to formal speaking situations.
Following speaking experiences, both formal and informal, it is important to have
students reflect upon their performance. Their reflection, whether it is oral or
written, should include the teacher, who can help them set personal goals for
improving their speaking abilities. This type of reflective assessment and goal
setting encourages critical thought. Some purposes for post-speaking activities are
listed below.
To reflect upon performance:
Students who have opportunities to reflect upon their speaking experiences, in light
of pre-determined criteria, grow in their abilities to speak effectively.
To set goals for improvement:
When students reflect upon their performance, they begin to recognize what they
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have done well and where they require improvement.
Some post-speaking scaffolds include:
– Discussing or developing criteria for assessing a variety of speaking experiences.
– Providing opportunities for students to talk, write, or represent in various ways
their personal speaking strengths and needs (e.g., learning logs, teacher/peer
conferences).
1.4 Factor
There are some problems for speaking skill that teachers can come across in
helping students to speak in the classroom. These are inhibition, lack of topical
knowledge, low participation, and mother-tongue use (Tuan & Mai, 2015).
Inhibition is the first problem that students encounter in class. When they want to
say something in the classroom they are sometimes inhibited. They are worried
about making mistakes and fearful of criticism. They are ashamed of the other
students’ attention towards themselves. Little wood (2007) expressed that a
language classroom can also create inhibitions and apprehension for the students.
The second problem is that learners complain that they cannot remember anything
to say and they do not have any motivation to express themselves. This is supported
by Rivers (1968) who thinks that learners often have nothing to say probably
because their teachers had selected a topic that is not appropriate for them or they
