BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢN LÝ VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ HẢI PHÒNG
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ISO 9001:2015
KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP
NGÀNH : TIẾNG ANH
Sinh viên : Ngô Thị Lan Phương
Giảng viên hướng dẫn : ThS. Đặng Thị Vân
HẢI PHÒNG 10 – 2020
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRANING
HAI PHONG UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
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FACTORS EFFECTING ENGLISH SPEAKING SKILL BY
FIRST – YEAR ENGLISH MAJORS AT HAI PHONG
UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY
GRADUATION PAPER
Student : Ngo Thi Lan Phuong
Class : NA1804
Supervisor : Dang Thi Van , MA
HAI PHONG 10 – 2020
BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUẢN LÝ VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ HẢI PHÒNG
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NHIỆM VỤ ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP
Sinh viên : Ngô Thị Lan Phương Mã SV: 1412751143
Lớp : NA1804
Ngành : Ngôn ngữ Anh
Tên đề tài: Factors effecting English speaking skill by first-year English
majors at HaiPhong university of management and technology
NHIỆM VỤ ĐỀ TÀI
1. Nội dung và các yêu cầu cần giải quyết trong nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp
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2. Các tài liệu, số liệu cần thiết
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3. Địa điểm thực tập tốt nghiệp
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CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP
Họ và tên : Đặng Thị Vân
Học hàm, học vị : Thạc sĩ
Cơ quan công tác : Trường Đại học Quản lý và Công nghệ Hải Phòng
Nội dung hướng dẫn : Factors effecting English speaking skill by first-year
English majors at HaiPhong university of management and technology
Đề tài tốt nghiệp được giao ngày … tháng … năm 2020
Yêu cầu phải hoàn thành xong trước ngày … tháng … năm 2020
Đã nhận nhiệm vụ ĐTTN Đã giao nhiệm vụ ĐTTN
Sinh viên
Giảng viên hướng dẫn
Ngô Thị Lan Phương Đặng Thị Vân
Hải Phòng, ngày tháng 10 năm 2020
TRƯỞNG KHOA
TRẦN THỊ NGỌC LIÊN
CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM
Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc
PHIẾU NHẬN XÉT CỦA GIẢNG VIÊN HƯỚNG DẪN TỐT NGHIỆP
Họ và tên giảng viên: ………………………………………………………………………………………
Đơn vị công tác:
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Họ và tên sinh viên:
…………………………………… Chuyên ngành: ………………………….
Nội dung hướng dẫn: …………………………………………………. ………………………………….
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1. Tinh thần thái độ của sinh viên trong quá trình làm đề tài tốt nghiệp
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2. Đánh giá chất lượng của đồ án/khóa luận (so với nội dung yêu cầu đã đề ra
trong nhiệm vụ Đ.T. T.N trên các mặt lý luận, thực tiễn, tính toán số liệu…)
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3. Ý kiến của giảng viên hướng dẫn tốt nghiệp
Được bảo vệ
Không được bảo vệ
Điểm hướng dẫn
Hải Phòng, ngày … tháng … năm ……
Giảng viên hướng dẫn
(Ký và ghi rõ họ tên)
QC20-B18
CỘNG HÒA XÃ HỘI CHỦ NGHĨA VIỆT NAM
Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc
PHIẾU NHẬN XÉT CỦA GIẢNG VIÊN CHẤM PHẢN BIỆN
Họ và tên giảng viên: ………………………………………………………………………………….
Đơn vị công tác:
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Họ và tên sinh viên:
……………………………….. Chuyên ngành: …………………………
Đề tài tốt nghiệp:
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1. Phần nhận xét của giáo viên chấm phản biện
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2. Những mặt còn hạn chế
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3. Ý kiến của giảng viênchấm phản biện
Được bảo vệ
Không được bảo vệ
Điểm phản biện
Hải Phòng, ngày … tháng … năm ……
Giảng viên chấm phản biện
(Ký và ghi rõ họ tên)
QC20-B19
TALBLE OF CONTENS
Acknowledgement…………….………………………………………………..i
List of abbreviations ……………………………………………………………ii
Chapter I: Introduction
1.1 Rationale of the study……………………………………………1
1.2 Aims of the study…………………………………….…..….……2
1.3 Scope of the study ……………………………………….………2
1.4 Significance of the study ……………………………………… …3
1.5 Design of the study…………………………….………………….3
Chapter II: Literatures Review
2.1. Definitions of speaking skills
2.1.1. The definitions of speaking skills………………….
2.1.2. The importances of speaking skills………………….
2.2. Learning speaking ……………………………………………….
2.3. Types of speaking
2.4 Difficulties in learning speaking English
2.4.1. What problems do students have with speaking?
2.4.2. Factors effecting the English speaking
2.5. What makes speaking so difficult ?
2.5.1. Listening Comprehension
2.5.2.
Grammatical Accuracy
2.5.3. Vocabulary
2.5.4. Organization of Ideas
2.5.5. Self-confidence
2.5.6. Length of answer
2.6. Summary
Chater III : The study
3.1. Participants…………………………………………………………
3.2. Data collection analysis…………………………………………….
Chapter IV : Conclusion
4.1. Summar of the study………………………………………………
4.2. Litmit of the study……………………………………………….
4.3. Suggestions to speaking skills……………………………………
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
LIST OF CHARTS
Chart 1 : What do you think about speaking lesson ?
Chart 2 : How much time do you spend on studying speaking daily ?
Chart 3 : Do you feel confident when communicating with foreigners ?
Chart 4: Do you have a good exposure to English in school ?
Chart 5: Students are interested in extra speaking activities.
Chart 6: Difficulties of students on speaking.
Chart 7: The activities students like to do in speaking class.
Chart 8: What students do often do before the speaking lesson ?
Chart 9: The activities students often do while speaking.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to send my gratitude to all those who have supported and
contributed to the accomplishment of this study.
Firstly, I thank my parents, all the family members and friends for
their encouragement that enabled me to complete the study. They gave me
the powerful energy to overcome the stress of working days on the study.
Secondly, I am greatly obligated to my supervisor Dang Thi Van ,MA
for her expert guidance. She enthusiastically supported me during my
completion of this study . Ms. Van was the one who listened to my ideas,
and hurried me to keep up with the research proposal timetable. Moreover,
she made some important suggestions which greatly contributed to the final
improvements..
Finally, I wish to extend my sincere gratitude to all the enthusiastic
participants at Hai Phong university of management and technology who
contributed valuable data for the study. Their cooperation helped to fulfill
this study.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
EFL
English foreign language
1
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
1.1. Rationale of the study
As we may know the core aims of English as a subject is to help the
students to form and develop their communication skills through learning four
skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing and language skills such as phonic,
vocabulary and grammar. In the process of learning EFL in Vietnam in general,
and at HaiPhong university of management and technology in particular, speaking
has always been paid a great deal of attention from both teachers and students.
Nowadays, English is considered as an international language all over the
world. It has become the common language used in business, technology, and
education throughout many parts of the world. Therefore, English is very important
for students in every country. With the rapid international integration in Vietnam, it
is necessary for future labors to know and acquire good English ability. So, the ones
who achieve great English competence will have more chances to get better jobs
with high salary in the future. Hence, students should concentrate on their English
learning to improve it and balance their four English skills. Firstly, the learners
should sharpen their listening skills, which will build the basic foundation to
develop their speaking skills. After that is to be improved reading skills. The last ,
it is writing skill. From this point of view, it can be said that speaking is such an
important skill in learning English. Ur (1996, as cited in Bhattacharya, 2017) states
that people who know one language are referred to the good speakers of this
language. As a result, the English leaners’ capacity of speaking English is becoming
increasingly more important. Gilakjani (2012) claims that “it is vital that speakers
of English, whether they are native or non-native speakers, are able to exchange
meanings effectively”.
However, out of the four language skills, speaking is considered as the most
important but difficult aspect to master. According to Fitriani et al. (2015) and
Leong et al. (2017), the success of learning a foreign language is accounted by the
level of learners’ speaking skills. Ur (1996) defines that “individuals who learn a
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language are referred to as the speakers of that language”. Nevertheless, students
find it hard to express their ideas in spoken ways. Generally, language learners
often encounter a lot of problems when speaking a foreign language.
The success of oral communication can be affected by the speakers’
emotional states. The communication will be clearer when the students are more
confident to speak, and vice versa when they are nervous and worry, it is hard for
them to make
1.2. Aims of the study
The study aims to explore the difficulties that the students at HaiPhong
university of management and technology have encountered when practicing
English speaking skills and factors that cause these difficulties. Besides, it also
seeks to find out the suggested solutions to improve the students’ speaking skills.
In the light of that general aim, some specific objectives are drawn up to
outline the actual directions of the study as follows:
1) To find out the real factors that cause speaking problems of the
students
2) To give out some effective suggestions to improve the learners’
speaking skills
1.3. Scope of the study
So as to improve speaking skill for first-year English majors . The study is
carried out at Hai Phong university of management and technology . Within the
scope of the study,it only concentrates on revealing factors affecting students’
speaking skills and then suggesting some effective solutions to improve English
speaking teaching and learning for the students.
1.4.
Significance of the study
Speaking skills are considered as the most important aspect of language
learning because when talking about language learners, it is often referred to the
speakers of that language (Ur, 1996). Furthermore, speaking skills play such a very
important role in human’s life. Through speaking, people can communicate their
thought, their feelings and so on to each other. Richards (2008) explains that:
3
“when people meet, they exchange greetings, engage in small talk, recount recent
experiences, and so on, because they wish to be friendly and to establish a
comfortable zone of interaction with others”. Speaking competence hence is
excessive for the learners of any language. Although there have been a number of
studies about the factors affecting students’ oral performance in the world, there is
few research in the field of studying features impacting on speaking skills of grade
10th students in Vietnam, especially at HaiPhong university of management and
technology . Therefore, this study, to the researcher’s knowledge, is very unique
and new, at least for EFL learners at HaiPhong university of management and
technology . As the study is completed, it is expected to find out the most dominant
factors that affect the English learners’ speaking skills. After figuring out the main
factors causing students’ speaking problems, it is also desired to discover the
possible solutions that language learners can implement to improve their speaking
skills and English teachers can apply to improve their teaching.
1.5.
Design of the study
The study and findings are intended to be shown and discussed in the
following chapters:
Chapter I : Introduction, which provide a broad view of the whole
research by presenting the current problems, mentioning aims and objectives of the
study, and indicating the significance as well as the scope of the study.
Chapter II : Literature Review, which is supposed to provide theoretical
background on the factors affecting learners’ speaking skills and review the
previous literature relating to the topic.
Chapter III : Methodology, which informs readers of the participants,
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CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.
Definitions of speaking skills
2.1.1. The definitions of speaking skills
The words “speaking skills” is used to refer to the ability of using language
verbally to transmit information from one person or group to another effectively in
social situations. In EFL class, speaking skills refer to students’ ability to speak in
English.
“Speaking is defined as the production of auditorysignals designed to
produce differential verbal responses in a listener. It isconsidered as combining
sounds in a systematic way, according to languagespecific principles to form
meaningful utterances”
(Torky, 2006:33)
According to Javed Iqbal (2012) defines speaking skill as the oral mode
which is more difficult and complex than three other language skills (Listening,
Reading, and Writing). He emphasizes that speaking is not mere producing sounds
of the words, but combining them to make meaningful messages.
Many other researchers as reviewed by Abd (2016), state that speaking is
two-way process. In other words, it is the collaboration between two or more people
in the shared context, and in the shared time.
According to Nunan (1995), speaking skill is to pronounce the word orally, to
communicate and interact with other people with spoken language, in order to
accomplish multiple of communicative purposes like to make a speech or to make a
request.
Many other researchers (as reviewed by Leong et el., 2017), including
Howarth (2001), and Abd (2016), state that speaking is two-way process. In other
words, it is the collaboration between two or more people in the shared context, and
in the shared time.
Bygate (1987) mention that speaking skills is closely linked to speaking
skills. Bygate (1987) states that speaking is the result of listening process, and it is
performed to respond to what the people hear. Meanwhile, a famous person
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discusses that speaking skill is produced by listening skills, and it is developed at
the child age.
By carefully reviewing the available literature, Fitriani et al (2015) conclude
that the success of speaking skills depends a lot on the students’ skills in
conversation, and it is assessed through their ability to make a conversation in
learned language.
All in all, speaking skills can be understood as the verbal language putting
the words together, and following the structured rules of that language to make
meaningful messages. It is used to transfer and express the ideas and thought of the
speakers to the listeners. Speaking and listening cannot be separated but connected
intimately to each other. When it is referred as the students’ speaking skills, it
describes the ability of using the language in oral mode to fulfill the communicative
purposes.
2.1.2. The importance of speaking skills
Speaking skills play such a very important role in human’s life. Through
speaking, people can communicate their thought, their feelings and so on to each
other.
Richards (2008) explains that: “when people meet, they exchange greetings,
engage in small talk, recount recent experiences, and so on, because they wish to be
friendly and to establish a comfortable zone of interaction with others”. This
supports the idea that achieving good oral communicative ability is a main aspect of
human to be connected to each other. As language is a means of communication,
there is no point if someone learns a language but cannot communicate in that
language verbally.
Guide (1993 )As skill that enables people to produce utterances, when
genuinely communicative, speaking is desire (and purpose driven), in other words
they genuinely want to communicate something to achieve particular end.
2.2.
Speaking problems
Speaking other language like English rather than the mother tongue is a
challenge for the learners, because speaking English well requires them to master
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not only the grammatical structures but also the use of English in different
communicative situations (Fitriani et al, 2015). Becoming a good English speaker is
not easy. As mentioned before, to achieve great English oral competence, the
learners need to use the appropriate language for themselves, for the audience, and
for the contexts.
Fitriani et al. (2015) define speaking problems is the things that put someone
off speaking or it “makes someone lack of speaking ability”.
According to Leong et al. (2017), speaking problems include inhibition, lack
of topical knowledge, low participation, and mother tongue use. Along the same
lines, Heriansyah (2012) points out that there were twelve kinds of difficulties that
the students have come across when learning speaking English, and they were
divided into two main kinds of problems, called linguistic problems and non-
linguistic problems. The linguistic problems are lack of vocabulary, lack of
grammar knowledge, and poor pronunciation . Otherwise, the non-linguistic
problems are much more; they are not being brave to speak, not being confident to
speak, being afraid of speaking, being afraid of making errors, being afraid of being
mocked by friends, being nervous to speak, not used to talking in class, difficult to
express words or sentences, and confused how to use appropriate words. That is to
say, the linguistic problems are the things related to the language itself such as
vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. On the other hand, the non-linguistic
problems are the difficulties related to the emotional states of the speakers.
2.3. Types of speaking
•
Interactive
•
Partially interactive
•
Non-interactive
I will give examples to show the differences between them
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INTERACTIVE
PARTIALLY
INTERACTIVE
NON-
INTERACTIVE
– face-to-face
conversation
s
– telephone
calls
– we are
alternately
listening and
speaking
– chance to
ask for
clarification,
repetition or
slower
speech from
our
conversation
partner
– giving a
speech to a
live
audience,
where the
convention
is that the
audience
does not
speak
– the speaker
checks
comprehen
sion from
the
audience’s
faces
– when recording the
speech for a radio
broadcast
– performing in
a play
– reciting the
poem
– singing
2.4. Difficulties in learning speaking English
2.4.1. What problems do students have with speaking?
My study experiences and those of many writers that I have read on the
subject seem to suggest that difficulty in speaking come from foursources:
–
The confidence
–
The listener
–
The speaker
–
Pronunciation
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Students have problem hearing the past tense of regular verbs ending in
voiceless sounds such as “work”, “wish” or “watch”. The final /t/ sound of ‘ed’
sound is usually omitted when taking dictation so that the sentence: “I worked
hard yesterday.” comes out as “I work hard yesterday.” The students fail to talk
the final voiceless “t”. Another problem is liaison (the linking of words in rapid
speech).
Up to this point, I have dealt with problems students have with speaking.
It is now time to turn to suggesting techniques for helping them develop more
effective speakig skills. Foreign–language students usually devote more time to
reading than to speaking, and so lack exposure to different kinds of speaking. It is
tiring for students to spend much of their speaking time on interpreting unfamiliar
words and sentences for long periods of time.
Learning any new language is challenging.Speaking is production of a
language and has to be fast which means you must think, formulate sentences,
and speak all within a few seconds. Most foreign language education does not
focus on speaking even though speaking is the most important aspect of learning a
language.
2.4.2. Factors effecting the English speaking
Grammar and vocabulary
Before developing their conversational skills and managing rapid
communication, learners need to acquire the knowledge of grammar and
vocabulary. Likewise, pronunciation is one of the basic linguistic features that is
practised in EFL classrooms and at the same time the cause of the most
prominent issues. On one hand, drilling students with pronunciation exercises
and forcing them to repeat the same word over and over again can be tedious.
On the other hand, students will be grateful since it will help them to avoid
fossilization. Another relevant point that teachers should consider is the
distinction between accuracy and fluency. Throughout the history of language
acquisition and instruction, the emphasis has been put on accuracy, meaning the
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use of correct grammar. Additionally, it is still important to motivate
your students to use the proper grammatical structures and utterances.
But the focus should be put on producing meaningful phrases.
Accuracy and Fluency
Students must manage to combine accuracy and fluency in order to
speak spontaneously and negotiate meanings. There is a great number of
students who lack the confidence to express themselves because they are
afraid of making mistakes. In order to reduce this anxiety, trying to
create a warm and supportive environment in which students can feel
comfortable to speak despite their mistakes
Colloquial speech and Contracted forms
For instance, students were unable to understand teacher’s
questions if the teacher used contracted forms, elisions or reduced
vowels. It is necessary to familiarise EFL students with these forms as
they are part of everyday speech and they will certainly encounter them
in real conversational situations. Secondly, teacher gradually include
parts of colloquial language such as idioms, different expressions and
phrases. This provides them with guided input that focuses on specific
type of discourse that will be useful outside of the classroom.
A demanding task
Teaching speaking is a demanding task that requires patience and a
lot of practice. The task is to inform students about the targeted features
of speech they need to develop further, as well as guide them through
speaking tasks, encouraging them to freely express their thoughts.
Finally, teachers should not forget sensitive nature of each individual and
be careful when it comes to feedback and error-correction.
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Student’s motivation
When a teacher is in classroom, there will be some problems or
conditions need tobe accomplished. Teacher will see some of the students
are very motivated, or even feeling ignored in studying English. The
learners who have contacted with English will find that some features are
quite easy and extremely difficult. One of the more complicated problems
of second or foreign languages learning and teaching has been to define and
apply the construct of motivation in the classroom. For speaking, it is
important first to give competence and then performance.Competence is
more likely to the extent a communicator is motivated to be so.
Motivation is the extentto which a communicator is drawn towards or
pushed away from communicating competently in agiven context then
performed
2.5.
What makes speaking so difficult ?
2.5.1.
Listening Comprehension
Listening comprehension is a very basic skill one must have in order
to be a good English speaker. Why? One of the most common and critical
mistakes non-native speakers of English make is focusing their time and
effort in improving their English speaking skills without first assessing
and practicing their English listening comprehension skills. A lot of them
actually know grammar rules pretty well and can construct even complex
sentences. Surprisingly, just when you thought they can communicate well
in English, they suddenly come to a halt when asked questions.
Some non-native speakers cannot understand the questions, because
the one asking speaks too fast or because of the speaker‟s accent (in case of
an Australian or a British speaker for example). They would often ask the
speaker to repeat the question several times or request the speaker to speak
more slowly, before they finally understand the question. Some, on the other
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hand, answer the question/s impressively (with not many mistakes in
grammar and pronunciation; good explanations and examples; amazing
fluency) just to find out in the end that he or she misunderstood the
question, and therefore gave an inappropriate answer.
2.5.2 – Grammatical Accuracy
Grammatical Accuracy Some people wonder why there is a need to
have grammatical accuracy in English, when even some native English
speakers commit grammatical mistakes themselves.
Native English speakers can say what they want without much
difficulty due to their familiarity of the language. If they have difficulty
expressing a certain concept/thought in a certain way, they can just use
other ways of saying those things. They may commit some mistakes in
grammar, but the mistakes do not distort or change the meaning of the
sentences they want to convey, thus, it doesn‟t give the listener much of a
problem understanding them. On the other hand, the mistakes many
nonnative speakers of English commit are those that often change the
meaning of sentences they want to express, and thus create a
misunderstanding. That‟s exactly the reason why non-native speakers have
to study grammar more than native speakers.
Common Mistakes in Grammar
•
Nouns
–
Ex: My neighbor has ten childrens.
(“Children” is already in the plural form, so there’s no need to add “s”.)
–
Ex: There are three sheeps in the meadow.
(Some nouns such as sheep, deer, salmon and trout have the same form in
the singular as in the plural.)
–
Ex: My scissors is sharp.
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(Certain nouns such as scissors, pliers, tweezers and tongs are always in the
plural form and need plural verbs. So, the “is” in the above sentence should
have been “are”.)
–
Ex: Picking the right candidate for the contest involves a lot of
criterias. (“Criteria” is already in the plural form.)
•
Pronouns
–
Ex: Everybody have their work to do.
(The indefinite pronouns each, anyone, anybody, , everybody and everyone
are referred to by singular pronouns. The sentence should have read
“Everybody has his work to do.)
–
Ex. I watched a movie with my wife last night. He liked it very
much. (He’s talking about his wife and then he used “he” to refer to her
afterwards.)
•
Adjectives
–
Ex: She is the most fairest girl I have ever seen.
(“Fairest” is already in the superlative degree of comparison so using “most”
before it makes the meaning redundant.)
–
Ex: He is worst than my ex-husband.
(If only two thingspeople are being compared, “worse” should be used
instead of “worst”.)
–
Ex. I met little people in the conference.
(“Little” is used to refer to noncount nouns. “Few” should have been used in
the sentence above, unless of course the writer/speaker was referring to
midgets or dwarfs, or if he used the word little“figuratively”.)
•
Verbs
–
Ex: Few is expected to fail the test.
(The indefinite pronouns both, many, several and few take a plural verb.)
–
Ex: They hanged the old fiddle in the woodshed.
5
(Some are confused with hanged and hung. “Hanged” means to kill
somebody or yourself by fastening a rope around the neck and removing any
other support for the body. “Hung”, on the otherhand, means to suspend or
fasten something so that it is held up from above. In this sentence, it seems
as if the old fiddle was killed, which of course doesn’t make any sense.)
–
Ex: I go to school yesterday.
(The word “yesterday” indicates a past event, so the verb used should have
been “went”.)
–
Ex: She swimmed very fast the last time we were at the beach.
(“Swam” should have been used instead of “swimmed”.)
–
Ex: He don’t know anything about it.
(“Doesn’t” should be used instead of “don’t” because the subject “he” is
singular.)
2.5.3 Pronunciation
Understanding English pronunciation.
It is quite common for non-native speakers of English to
mispronounce English words. However, it is not something we have to be
ashamed of, but something we ought to understand. We have to get to the
roots of the problems, in order for us to improve our pronunciation.
English is not phonetic
Unlike other languages, English is not phonetic. It’s means we don’t
always say Englis h word the way we spell them. Let’s compare two
languages as an example.
Ex: The Japanese word “jitensha” (means bike) is pronunced the way
it is spelled. The English word “bike” is not pronunced as “bi-ke” or “bai-
ke”.
Ex: Another example is the word “book”. At time it is pronunced as
[buk] and at time it is pronunced as [buk] too. Although the spelling and the
